A. Since 1986 there are three times as many cases of malaria diagnosed
three times as many cases, seems like three times is being compared to "as many cases of malaria", so meaning is off here.
B. The diagnosis of cases of malaria increased three times since 1986 on
increased three times of what?. In addition, since is modifying verb "increased", so we need a present/past perfect construction here.
C. The diagnosis of cases of malaria was only one-third in 1990
one-third of what?. Also the year is different? lol. In addition, by using just past tense, we are comparing current cases vs cases in 1986 (not the accumulation of those since 1986)
D. The number of diagnosed cases of malaria has tripled since 1986
looks good
E. Tripling since 1986, there are now three times as many cases of malaria diagnosed
Tripling must refer to the subject of the following sentece.. and we have "there", so that is off. In addition, three times as many cases, seems like three times is being compared to "as many cases of malaria", so meaning is off here.
Answer is D