Covering almost 40% of the South American continent, the Amazonian Rainforests are vital for all the countries in the region,
helping stabilize their climate, maintaining their water cycle and protecting them from flood, drought and erosion, acting as a source of medicine and food.
(A) helping stabilize their climate, maintaining their water cycle
and protecting them from flood, drought and erosion, acting as a source of medicine and food -
Here we have nested lists - an outer list and two inner lists
Outer list:
-helping
-maintaining
-protecting
-acting
Inner list 1:
protecting them from:
-flood,
-drought, and
-erosion
Inner list 2:
acting as a source of:
-medicine and
-food
Thus for the outer list we need "and" before the last item in the list i.e "acting"(B) helping stabilize their climate, maintaining their water cycle, protecting them from flood, drought and erosion, and acting as a source of medicine and food -
Correct(C) helping stabilize their climate, maintaining their water cycle
and protecting them from flood, drought, erosion, and acting as a source of medicine and of food -
Same as A(D)
by stabilizing their climate, maintaining their water cycle
and protecting them from flood, drought and erosion, as well as by acting as a source of medicine and food -
Same as A and we don't need "by"(E)
by stabilizing their climate, maintaining their water cycle
and protecting them from flood, drought and
from erosion, and as a source of medicine and food -
Same as A and D, and we need a present participle such as "acting" before "as" to make the list parallel and to convey a logical meaning.