rajtare
In an experiment, chimpanzees of a certain species gave researchers tokens from a bucket in exchange for grapes. For presentation of a grey token, the chimpanzee who presented it got one grape; while presentation of red token brought two grapes; one grape for that chimpanzee and another grape for an unfamiliar chimpanzee visible through a screen. The chimpanzees usually choose the red tokens. The researchers concluded that chimpanzees of that species are motivated by the desire to help other chimpanzees as well as themselves.
Performing one or more experiments to answer which of the following question would contribute most to evaluate the interpretation given to the experiment described above?
A Do chimpanzees of the same species as those in the experiment described above tend to prefer grapes over other fruits?
B If the chimpanzees were given more grapes for each color of token, than were given for those colors in the experiment described above, would the pattern of outcome be changed?
C Would using apes of a species different from the chimpanzees in the experiment described above give a different result?
D Which color preferences, if any, are found among chimpanzees of the same species as those in the experiment described above?
E Is the apparently altruistic behavior among chimpanzees in the experiment described above instinctive or learned?
It's a useful to evaluate question. I propose creating a visual image or running a movie of the events in your mind for clarity.
Upon reading the argument, this is what I am visualising - There are some chimps in an enclosed area and they have a bucket of grey and red tokens. When one chimp picks a grey token and gives it to a researcher, the researcher gives him 1 grape. When one chimp picks a red token and gives it to a researcher, the researcher gives him 1 grape and gives 1 grape to another chimp (who is not known to this chimp) but in another enclosed area such that there is a glass door between the two areas i.e. the point is that this chimp who gave the red token can see the result of his action - he gets a grape and another chimp gets a grape too.
They found that chimps usually pick and give red tokens.
Hence the conclusion of the study - chimpanzees of that species are motivated by the desire to help other chimpanzees as well as themselves.
Now we need to evaluate whether these chimps are actually motivated by altruistic desire. Are they picking red tokens because they want others to get grapes too? Or is there some other reason behind picking red tokens?
A Do chimpanzees of the same species as those in the experiment described above tend to prefer grapes over other fruits?
Other fruits i.e. some other reward is irrelevant. Point is that grapes are a reward, that's all.
B If the chimpanzees were given more grapes for each color of token, than were given for those colors in the experiment described above, would the pattern of outcome be changed?Again a bigger reward is irrelevant. The point we are trying to figure out is whether they are picking red tokens because they want to help others get rewards too - whatever the reward may be.
C Would using apes of a species different from the chimpanzees in the experiment described above give a different result?
Irrelevant. We are concluding about the chimps of this species and trying to evaluate that conclusion. Using a different species will not help us evaluate our conclusion about this species of chimps.
D Which color preferences, if any, are found among chimpanzees of the same species as those in the experiment described above?
This is useful. We know that the chimps are picking red tokens mostly. What if they have a preference for the colour red? They may be picking up red usually because chimps of this species like the red colour. In that case our conclusion may fail.They may not be picking the red tokens to help other chimps but simply because they like red. Hence, it is useful to find out whether these chimps have any colour preference and if yes, what it is.
E Is the apparently altruistic behavior among chimpanzees in the experiment described above instinctive or learned?It doesn't matter whether it is natural or learned. We are concluding that they have altruistic tendencies. How they acquire it is outside our scope.
Answer (D)
I discuss how to solve useful to evaluate questions here:
https://youtu.be/1JtHjH1lWZc
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65%
(hard)
39%
(02:24)
wrong 
