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Raisakatyal
The average score on a standardized test among management majors was just over 500 in 2014. The test is said to be highly reliable, meaning the scores of a particular individual vary only minimally if taking the test multiple times without significant test preparation between sittings. Therefore, most management majors who take the test must have scored at least 490 in that same year.

The argument is vulnerable to criticism on which of these grounds?

A. It assumes that the average achievement level of Management majors is similar to all other groups who take the test.
B. It assumes that if a certain average score is obtained over several sittings for the average test taker, then approximately the same average score will apply to a Management major.
C. It confuses a conclusion that would necessarily follow from the available information with a conclusion that would follow from the available information with a high degree of probability.
D. It overlooks the possibility that even if the average score of Management majors was close to 500, there could have been a number of individuals who obtained near perfect scores.
E. It overlooks the possibility that even if most test takers achieve similar scores each time they sit for the exam, a given Management major might spend adequate time preparing for the exam and get a significantly higher score on his next sitting.

Key focus areas:

1) Conclusion: MOST management majors who take the test MUST HAVE scored >= 490 in 2014.

2) Support: FACT - Test is highly reliable as ALL test takers have seen +/-x% standard deviation in their scores over multiple attempts.

3) Evidence: Average score of management majors was 500 in 2014.

4) Key words: MOST, HIGHLY RELIABLE, VARY MINIMALLY, ATLEAST

Question type: Weaken

A - Compared score of management majors to other test takers - The passage has not made comparison between two groups of test takers. It is only talking about test takers from a particular group ie. management. This option is incorrect.

B - APPROXIMATELY - Compared score of average test taker to management major - The passage does not assume this at all. It is simply comparing avg score (500) of management major to most management major's score (490). Use of approximately is a good hint, we scan the passage for this key word or its synonym - we won't find anything. The author uses ATLEAST. This option is blatantly incorrect.

C - HIGH DEGREE OF PROBABILITY - This option implies that (1) there are 2 conclusions in the passage and (2) one of the conclusion is made with a high degree of probability - we must scan the passage for this key word or its synonym "likely" in the evidence part of the passage. There is no such word and no such evidence. This option is incorrect.

D - FORMULA - This option plays on the formula of average score and that's what makes this question a hard one. (1) This option correctly compares 500 to 490 i.e. scores within a particular group, (2) Formula of average score - we know that average has more to do with SUM of SCORES than individual score range of the test taker. The sum can therefore include very high and very low scores. Therefore, this option clearly points out the weakeness in the conclusion.

E - ATTACKS THE FACT that the test is HIGHLY RELIABLE - This option is actually attacking a fact by differentiating between an average test taker and management major when in infact management major are included in the calculation of average scores by an average test taker. By saying that, management majors study between the exam implies that the test has become UNREALIABLE which is FALSIFYING the fact we are told that the test is HIGHLY RELIABLE. Therefore, this option cannot be correct.

Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Raisakatyal arbazfatmi1994 Hope this helps your understanding.

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