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08 Mar 2024, 08:16
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In a study of survey data from 30,000 people, the people who recently gave to any charity were 43 percent more likely than nongivers to report being "very happy." They were 68 percent less likely to report having felt "hopeless." This research shows that making charitable donations can make people happier.
Which of the following, if true, would present the most serious challenge to the argument above?
A) People are found to be especially charitable following events that make them happy, such as a celebration or the birth of a child.
B) People often make charitable donations to fit in socially, because they see their peers being charitable.
C) When asked, many people who report being happy do not report making charitable donations.
D) Studies show no correlation between the size of a charitable donation and the amount of increased happiness the donor feels.
E) The people in the survey who reported making charitable donations gave, on average, less than 5 percent per year of their annual income.
Which of the following, if true, would present the most serious challenge to the argument above?
A) People are found to be especially charitable following events that make them happy, such as a celebration or the birth of a child.
B) People often make charitable donations to fit in socially, because they see their peers being charitable.
C) When asked, many people who report being happy do not report making charitable donations.
D) Studies show no correlation between the size of a charitable donation and the amount of increased happiness the donor feels.
E) The people in the survey who reported making charitable donations gave, on average, less than 5 percent per year of their annual income.
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08 Mar 2024, 20:20
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In a study of survey data from 30,000 people, the people who recently gave to any charity were 43 percent more likely than nongivers to report being "very happy." They were 68 percent less likely to report having felt "hopeless." This research shows that making charitable donations can make people happier.
The conclusion of the argument is the following:
This research shows that making charitable donations can make people happier.
The support for the conclusion is the following:
In a study of survey data from 30,000 people, the people who recently gave to any charity were 43 percent more likely than nongivers to report being "very happy." They were 68 percent less likely to report having felt "hopeless."
We see that the author of the argument has reasoned basically the following. There is a positive correlation between people's having given to a charity and their reporting being "very happy" and a negative correlation between people's having given and their reporting having felt "hopeless." So, giving to a charity causes people to be happy.
Which of the following, if true, would present the most serious challenge to the argument above?
The correct answer will undermine the support the evidence provides for the conclusion.
A) People are found to be especially charitable following events that make them happy, such as a celebration or the birth of a child.
This choice undermines the support the evidence provides for the conclusion.
After all, the author has seen a correlation between giving and being happy and concluded that giving causes being happy. However, if this choice is true, then it could be that the reason for the correlation is something else. It could be that the relationship is reversed and being happy causes people to give.
In that case, there would still be a correlation between giving and being happy, but the relationship between giving and being happy would not be that giving causes being happy.
So, by indicating that it's possible that the cause-effect relationship is the opposite of what the author has concluded it is, this choice weakens the case for the conclusion.
Keep.
B) People often make charitable donations to fit in socially, because they see their peers being charitable.
This choice doesn't affect the strength of the argument.
After all, regardless of whether people make donations to fit in, it remains the case that people who donate tend to be happier, and it still follows that giving causes happiness.
To avoid choosing a choice like this one, we have to be careful not to make up an unsupported story, such as that giving doesn't really make people happier. What really makes them happier is fitting it. A story like that one doesn't really work because we don't have clear reason to believe that fitting in by making donations makes people happier. It could do many things, such as make them more comfortable or help them get into their local club. We'd have to make an additional leap to say that any of that makes people happier.
Also, even if things do work that way with giving causing something that, in turn, makes people happy, giving still does, in an indirect way, make people happy.
So, this choice doesn't weaken the case for the conclusion.
Eliminate.
C) When asked, many people who report being happy do not report making charitable donations.
Notice that the conclusion of the argument is not that giving is the only thing that makes people happy. It's just that "making charitable donations can make people happier."
That conclusion could still be true even if other things cause people to be happy even if they do not make charitable donations.
So, this choice has no effect on the argument.
Eliminate.
D) Studies show no correlation between the size of a charitable donation and the amount of increased happiness the donor feels.
This choice doesn't change what we know about the correlation between giving and happiness. That fact remains the same.
All this choice does is add to what we know by telling us that, while giving may make people happy, giving more doesn't make them happier.
So, the support the evidence provides for the conclusion remains the same regardless of whether this choice is true.
Eliminate.
E) The people in the survey who reported making charitable donations gave, on average, less than 5 percent per year of their annual income.
This choice has no effect on the strength of the argument.
All it does is provide some detail on the relationship between how much people gave and their incomes.
Regardless of how their donations compare with their incomes, there was a correlation between giving and happiness, and the fact that that correlation exists still supports the conclusion.
So, the argument works just as well if this choice is true.
Eliminate.
Correct answer: A
The conclusion of the argument is the following:
This research shows that making charitable donations can make people happier.
The support for the conclusion is the following:
In a study of survey data from 30,000 people, the people who recently gave to any charity were 43 percent more likely than nongivers to report being "very happy." They were 68 percent less likely to report having felt "hopeless."
We see that the author of the argument has reasoned basically the following. There is a positive correlation between people's having given to a charity and their reporting being "very happy" and a negative correlation between people's having given and their reporting having felt "hopeless." So, giving to a charity causes people to be happy.
Which of the following, if true, would present the most serious challenge to the argument above?
The correct answer will undermine the support the evidence provides for the conclusion.
A) People are found to be especially charitable following events that make them happy, such as a celebration or the birth of a child.
This choice undermines the support the evidence provides for the conclusion.
After all, the author has seen a correlation between giving and being happy and concluded that giving causes being happy. However, if this choice is true, then it could be that the reason for the correlation is something else. It could be that the relationship is reversed and being happy causes people to give.
In that case, there would still be a correlation between giving and being happy, but the relationship between giving and being happy would not be that giving causes being happy.
So, by indicating that it's possible that the cause-effect relationship is the opposite of what the author has concluded it is, this choice weakens the case for the conclusion.
Keep.
B) People often make charitable donations to fit in socially, because they see their peers being charitable.
This choice doesn't affect the strength of the argument.
After all, regardless of whether people make donations to fit in, it remains the case that people who donate tend to be happier, and it still follows that giving causes happiness.
To avoid choosing a choice like this one, we have to be careful not to make up an unsupported story, such as that giving doesn't really make people happier. What really makes them happier is fitting it. A story like that one doesn't really work because we don't have clear reason to believe that fitting in by making donations makes people happier. It could do many things, such as make them more comfortable or help them get into their local club. We'd have to make an additional leap to say that any of that makes people happier.
Also, even if things do work that way with giving causing something that, in turn, makes people happy, giving still does, in an indirect way, make people happy.
So, this choice doesn't weaken the case for the conclusion.
Eliminate.
C) When asked, many people who report being happy do not report making charitable donations.
Notice that the conclusion of the argument is not that giving is the only thing that makes people happy. It's just that "making charitable donations can make people happier."
That conclusion could still be true even if other things cause people to be happy even if they do not make charitable donations.
So, this choice has no effect on the argument.
Eliminate.
D) Studies show no correlation between the size of a charitable donation and the amount of increased happiness the donor feels.
This choice doesn't change what we know about the correlation between giving and happiness. That fact remains the same.
All this choice does is add to what we know by telling us that, while giving may make people happy, giving more doesn't make them happier.
So, the support the evidence provides for the conclusion remains the same regardless of whether this choice is true.
Eliminate.
E) The people in the survey who reported making charitable donations gave, on average, less than 5 percent per year of their annual income.
This choice has no effect on the strength of the argument.
All it does is provide some detail on the relationship between how much people gave and their incomes.
Regardless of how their donations compare with their incomes, there was a correlation between giving and happiness, and the fact that that correlation exists still supports the conclusion.
So, the argument works just as well if this choice is true.
Eliminate.
Correct answer: A
General Discussion
29 Dec 2025, 10:39
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Solving in 2 mins
Which of the following, if true, would present the most serious challenge to the argument above?
A) People are found to be especially charitable following events that make them happy, such as a celebration or the birth of a child.
Reverse causal yes
B) People often make charitable donations to fit in socially, because they see their peers being charitable. what if fitting in is happiness - reject
C) When asked, many people who report being happy do not report making charitable donations. They never said anything about no donation no happiness - its just if you make donation your probability to be happy increases and that is what we need to undermine
D) Studies show no correlation between the size of a charitable donation and the amount of increased happiness the donor feels. Out of scope about size etc
E) The people in the survey who reported making charitable donations gave, on average, less than 5 percent per year of their annual income. How much they donate is not covered in premise only giving donation is covered
Which of the following, if true, would present the most serious challenge to the argument above?
A) People are found to be especially charitable following events that make them happy, such as a celebration or the birth of a child.
Reverse causal yes
B) People often make charitable donations to fit in socially, because they see their peers being charitable. what if fitting in is happiness - reject
C) When asked, many people who report being happy do not report making charitable donations. They never said anything about no donation no happiness - its just if you make donation your probability to be happy increases and that is what we need to undermine
D) Studies show no correlation between the size of a charitable donation and the amount of increased happiness the donor feels. Out of scope about size etc
E) The people in the survey who reported making charitable donations gave, on average, less than 5 percent per year of their annual income. How much they donate is not covered in premise only giving donation is covered
