Step 1: Understand the StructurePremise: Leaner people appear taller
than their actual heightConclusion: Skinny teenager will
ALWAYS appear taller
than a healthy adultStep 2: Spot the GapThe premise talks about appearing taller than YOURSELF.
The conclusion talks about appearing taller than SOMEONE ELSE.These are
not the same comparison!Step 3: Why This Breaks• Skinny teen:
5'4" actual → appears
5'7"• Healthy adult:
6'2" actual → appears
6'0"Who appears taller?
Still the adult!The "leanness boost" can't overcome a large actual height difference.
Step 4: What Fixes It?If both are the
SAME actual height, then leanness becomes the deciding factor:
• Same height + skinny = appears taller ✓
• Same height + not skinny = appears at actual
Now the conclusion works!
Answer Choice Analysis:(A) Adult is taller →
Hurts conclusion (adult might still appear taller)
(B) Adult is shorter →
Overkill — teenager wins anyway, making the leanness premise irrelevant
If the adult is
already shorter, the teenager would appear taller
regardless of leanness. The premise becomes irrelevant!
- Teen: 5'10" + boost → 6'1"
- Adult: 5'6" + no boost → 5'6"
The teen wins because they
started taller, not because of the lean effect.
(C) Adult is same height → EXACTLY what's needed — leanness becomes the tiebreaker(D) Teenagers appear taller → Just restates the premise, doesn't fix the comparison gap
(E) Adults appear shorter → Doesn't fix the core gap; actual height difference can still overwhelm
Answer: CTakeaway: When an argument applies an
individual effect (looking taller than yourself) to a
comparison between people, ask: "Are their starting points equal?" If not, the effect alone can't guarantee the comparison holds.