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in keating, literact rate has risen 40% over last 3 years whereas in Nickleby, the rate has risen 12% over same time period.
conclusion- adolescents in Keating are more likely to become literate than in Nickleby


A. how the juvenile population density of both Keating and Nickleby has changed over the past three years
this has no impact whatsoever.

B. what the juvenile literacy rates of Keating and Nickleby were three years ago.
perfect. if we can find that keating was doing bad and now have improved, conlusion holds true but otherwise not.

C. the change in the ratio of literate to illiterate juveniles three years ago and now in Keating and Nickleby
already mentioned in passage.

D. a comparison between the rate of juvenile population growth in Keating over the past three years and the corresponding rate in Nickleby
but we know the rate has risen so they both are doing something to increase the rate but we cant tell from this why the conclusion is flawed.

E. a comparison between expenditures on juvenile education made over the past three years in Keating and the same made in Nickleby
irrelevant.

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The juvenile literacy rate, number of adolescents per 100 who are literate, in Keating has risen forty percent over the previous three years ago. In Nickleby, the juvenile literacy rate has risen only twelve percent over the same time period. This data supports the conclusion that adolescents growing up in Keating are more likely to become literate than are adolescents growing up in Nickleby.

The argument above is flawed because it fails to take into account

A. how the juvenile population density of both Keating and Nickleby has changed over the past three years
B. what the juvenile literacy rates of Keating and Nickleby were three years ago
C. the change in the ratio of literate to illiterate juveniles three years ago and now in Keating and Nickleby
D. a comparison between the rate of juvenile population growth in Keating over the past three years and the corresponding rate in Nickleby
E. a comparison between expenditures on juvenile education made over the past three years in Keating and the same made in Nickleby



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ExpertsGlobal5
The juvenile literacy rate, number of adolescents per 100 who are literate, in Keating has risen forty percent over the previous three years ago. In Nickleby, the juvenile literacy rate has risen only twelve percent over the same time period. This data supports the conclusion that adolescents growing up in Keating are more likely to become literate than are adolescents growing up in Nickleby.

The argument above is flawed because it fails to take into account

A. how the juvenile population density of both Keating and Nickleby has changed over the past three years
B. what the juvenile literacy rates of Keating and Nickleby were three years ago
C. the change in the ratio of literate to illiterate juveniles three years ago and now in Keating and Nickleby
D. a comparison between the rate of juvenile population growth in Keating over the past three years and the corresponding rate in Nickleby
E. a comparison between expenditures on juvenile education made over the past three years in Keating and the same made in Nickleby

B is the best choice.

Video explanation:

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This is a classic GMAT flaw involving percentages vs. actual values.

Here's the argument's logic:
- Keating's juvenile literacy rate rose 40% over three years.
- Nickleby's juvenile literacy rate rose only 12% over the same period.
- Conclusion: Adolescents in Keating are MORE LIKELY to become literate than those in Nickleby.

The flaw? The argument compares percentage INCREASES but draws a conclusion about overall LIKELIHOOD. These are two very different things.

Let me show you why with numbers:

Scenario: Suppose three years ago, Nickleby's literacy rate was 80 per 100, and Keating's was 20 per 100.
- Keating today: 20 + 40% of 20 = 28 per 100
- Nickleby today: 80 + 12% of 80 = 89.6 per 100

See what happened? Even though Keating's rate grew FASTER (40% vs 12%), Nickleby's adolescents are STILL far more likely to be literate (89.6 vs 28). The starting point — the baseline — matters enormously.

This is exactly what Answer B identifies: without knowing what the literacy rates WERE three years ago, we cannot conclude who is more likely to be literate now.

Why not C? Choice C mentions the ratio of literate to illiterate juveniles, which is essentially the same thing as the literacy rate — information we're already given in terms of percentage change. It doesn't address the missing baseline.

Why not A or D? Population density and population growth are irrelevant because the argument is about a RATE (per 100), not total numbers.

Why not E? Spending on education might explain WHY rates changed, but the flaw is about whether the conclusion logically follows from the data — not about causes.

Key Takeaway: Whenever a GMAT argument compares percentage changes and draws a conclusion about actual values (or likelihood), always ask: What were the STARTING points? A bigger percentage increase from a tiny base can still leave you far behind.

Answer: B
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