Historians have found that significant intellectual advances generally occur in cities or countries that have a stable political system. But these same historians acknowledge that in ancient Athens, Plato and Aristotle made unparalleled intellectual progress during a period of great political and social unrest.Which one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the historians' apparent counterexample with their general rule?The general rule says intellectual advances usually need political stability. Ancient Athens seems to be an exception because Plato and Aristotle made great progress during political unrest. To reconcile this, we need a reason why Athens still had something that normally comes from stability and supports intellectual work.
The best answer shows that Athens had financial support for intellectual activity despite political instability.
(A) The political systems that have emerged since the time of Plato and Aristotle have in various ways been different from the political system in ancient Athens.
This does not explain why intellectual progress occurred in unstable Athens.
(B) The citizens of ancient Athens generally held in high esteem people who were accomplished intellectually.
This may explain respect for intellectuals, but it does not connect directly to why political instability did not prevent intellectual progress.
(C) Financial support for intellectual endeavors is typically unavailable in unstable political environments, but in ancient Athens such support was provided by wealthy citizens.
This is correct. If political stability usually helps intellectual progress because it makes financial support available, and Athens had such support from wealthy citizens despite unrest, then Athens is no longer a strong counterexample.
(D) Significant intellectual advances sometimes, though not always, lead to stable political environments.
This reverses the issue. The passage is about whether stability helps produce intellectual advances, not whether intellectual advances produce stability.
(E) Many thinkers besides Plato and Aristotle contributed to the intellectual achievements of ancient Athens.
This makes Athens’s intellectual achievement broader, but it does not explain how it happened despite political unrest.
Answer: (C)