Every Labrador retriever in my neighborhood is a well-behaved dog. However, no pet would be well behaved if it were not trained. Thus it is training, not the genetic makeup of the breed, that accounts for these Labrador retrievers' good behavior.
The flawed reasoning in which one of the following is most closely parallel to the flawed reasoning in the argument above?The argument says training is necessary for good behavior, and then concludes that training, not breed genetics, explains the good behavior.
The flaw is treating a
necessary condition as the only real cause and using it to dismiss another possible cause.
(A) All the students at Bryker School excel in their studies. However, students at Bryker School would not excel if they did not have good teachers. Thus, all schools should hire good teachers if they want their students to excel.
This is not parallel. It says good teachers are necessary for success, but it does not conclude that good teachers, rather than some other factor, are the real cause.
(B) Whenever it snows there are relatively more car crashes on the highways. Yet in general, there would not be car crashes unless people were careless. So it is not icy roads, but carelessness, that causes car crashes when it snows.
This is correct. It says carelessness is necessary for crashes, and then concludes that carelessness, not icy roads, causes crashes. That matches the original flaw: a necessary condition is treated as the sole explanation.
(C) Every musician I know is a good dancer. Every mathematician I know is a bad dancer. Thus, it is a sense of rhythm, not the ability to count, that is most responsible for good dancing.
This is not parallel. It compares two groups and draws a causal conclusion, but it does not use a necessary condition to rule out another cause.
(D) All of the good cooks in my country use butter, not margarine, in their cooking. Thus, if you want to be a good cook, you must use butter, not margarine, in your cooking.
This is not parallel. It moves from a common feature of good cooks to a requirement for becoming a good cook, but it does not dismiss another possible explanation in the same way.
(E) All of the students in my algebra class received an A, even though none of them can solve word problems. No student who is unable to solve word problems has an adequate understanding of algebra. It follows that the students in my class received A's not because they did any good work.
This is not parallel. It argues that students lacked adequate understanding, but it does not match the original structure of “necessary condition, therefore not another cause.”
Answer: (B)