Some killer whales eat fish exclusively, but others also eat seals. Different groups of killer whales "chatter" in distinct dialects, and the dialects of seal-eating killer whales are recognizably different from those of killer whales that do not eat seals. Harbor seals use their ability to distinguish between different killer-whale dialects to avoid seal-eating killer whales. Marine biologists hypothesize that young harbor seals start with an aversion to all killer whales but then learn to ignore those that do not eat seals.
Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the biologists' hypothesis?The hypothesis has two parts: young seals initially avoid
all killer whales, and later learn that some dialects belong to harmless, fish-eating whales. The strongest support should show that
an unfamiliar dialect still triggers avoidance, even when it belongs to fish-eating whales.
(A) Killer whales that eat seals also eat other marine mammals that are similar in size to seals.
Incorrect. This tells us more about the diet of seal-eating whales, not how seals learn which whales to avoid.
(B) Unlike harbor seals, which can hear killer-whale chatter even at great distances, most fish cannot hear that chatter, even close at hand.
Incorrect. This explains why hearing dialects might matter to seals, but not whether avoidance is learned.
(C) When mature harbor seals first listen to the recorded chatter of killer whales that eat only fish but whose dialect is unfamiliar, the seals rapidly swim away from the sound.
Correct. Even though these whales eat only fish, seals initially avoid their unfamiliar dialect. This supports the idea that seals begin with a broad aversion to killer whales and learn through experience which dialects are safe to ignore.
(D) Young harbor seals show no natural aversion to any seal predators other than killer whales.
Incorrect. This concerns other predators and does not show how seals learn to distinguish safe killer whales from dangerous ones.
(E) If a fish-eating killer whale mistakenly attacks a harbor seal, that seal, if it survives, will subsequently avoid all killer whales that chatter in the attacker's dialect, but other harbor seals will not.
Incorrect. This shows that seals can learn to avoid a dialect after a bad experience, but the hypothesis is specifically that they
start by avoiding all killer whales and then learn which ones are safe. This does not support that initial broad aversion.
Answer: (C)