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Gmatsaiyan
09 Dec 2018, 12:03
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Numerous investigations have been made to test the validity of the theory that facial behaviors associated with emotions are universal. Proponents exist for both sides, with some postulating universals in emotional facial behavior while others arguing against such a possibility.
A team of sociologists studied these contradictory views and hypothesized that the universals are to be discovered in the relationship between different patterns of facial muscles and specific emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. These sociologists tried to find evidence for their hypothesis by conducting experiments in which they showed photographs of Western faces to subjects from various cultures in order to determine whether the same facial behavior would be judged as the same emotion, irrespective of the observer’s culture. College educated subjects from countries such as Argentina, Chile, the U.S., and Japan were chosen to identify the same faces with the same emotion words as were the members of two pre-literature cultures. They interpreted the results of the experiments as evidence of universals in facial behavior. However, it is arguable as to how uncontaminated these experiments were. The problem was that all the subjects, even those from the pre-literature societies, came from cultures that had had exposure to some of the same mass media portrayals of facial behavior in Western cultures. This handicap was successfully addressed in a subsequent study by the team in which only subjects who met the criteria established to screen out all but those who had minimal opportunity to learn or imitate or even recognize uniquely Western facial behaviors were chosen to participate in the experiment. The results conclusively supported the hypothesis that specific facial behaviors are associated with specific emotions across various cultures.
However, the increasing evidence of a pan-cultural element in emotional facial behavior does not suggest a lack of cultural differences in emotional expression. These differences manifest themselves in the circumstances that elicit an emotion, with the same emotion being preceded by different stimuli across cultures.
A team of sociologists studied these contradictory views and hypothesized that the universals are to be discovered in the relationship between different patterns of facial muscles and specific emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. These sociologists tried to find evidence for their hypothesis by conducting experiments in which they showed photographs of Western faces to subjects from various cultures in order to determine whether the same facial behavior would be judged as the same emotion, irrespective of the observer’s culture. College educated subjects from countries such as Argentina, Chile, the U.S., and Japan were chosen to identify the same faces with the same emotion words as were the members of two pre-literature cultures. They interpreted the results of the experiments as evidence of universals in facial behavior. However, it is arguable as to how uncontaminated these experiments were. The problem was that all the subjects, even those from the pre-literature societies, came from cultures that had had exposure to some of the same mass media portrayals of facial behavior in Western cultures. This handicap was successfully addressed in a subsequent study by the team in which only subjects who met the criteria established to screen out all but those who had minimal opportunity to learn or imitate or even recognize uniquely Western facial behaviors were chosen to participate in the experiment. The results conclusively supported the hypothesis that specific facial behaviors are associated with specific emotions across various cultures.
However, the increasing evidence of a pan-cultural element in emotional facial behavior does not suggest a lack of cultural differences in emotional expression. These differences manifest themselves in the circumstances that elicit an emotion, with the same emotion being preceded by different stimuli across cultures.
Q1)Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?
A)One of the two studies undertaken by the team of sociologists was more objective in its approach since it unknowingly chose specific kinds of subjects.
B)In one culture, happiness could be a follow-up emotion of a situation that is dissimilar to the circumstances that lead up to it in another culture.
C)Pre-literature societies are normally against contact with any kind of Western exposure.
D)College graduates from Chile and Argentina were more likely to have experienced the same kind of mass media exposure to portrayals of facial behavior in Western cultures than those from Japan.
E)Sociologists who do not agree that universals exists in facial behavior associated with emotion across cultures do not have an in depth knowledge of the topic.
A)One of the two studies undertaken by the team of sociologists was more objective in its approach since it unknowingly chose specific kinds of subjects.
B)In one culture, happiness could be a follow-up emotion of a situation that is dissimilar to the circumstances that lead up to it in another culture.
C)Pre-literature societies are normally against contact with any kind of Western exposure.
D)College graduates from Chile and Argentina were more likely to have experienced the same kind of mass media exposure to portrayals of facial behavior in Western cultures than those from Japan.
E)Sociologists who do not agree that universals exists in facial behavior associated with emotion across cultures do not have an in depth knowledge of the topic.
Q2)The author is primarily concerned with
A)One of the two studies undertaken by the team of sociologists was more objective in its approach since it unknowingly chose specific kinds of subjects.
B)In one culture, happiness could be a follow-up emotion of a situation that is dissimilar to the circumstances that lead up to it in another culture.
C)Pre-literature societies are normally against contact with any kind of Western exposure.
D)College graduates from Chile and Argentina were more likely to have experienced the same kind of mass media exposure to portrayals of facial behavior in Western cultures than those from Japan.
E)Sociologists who do not agree that universals exists in facial behavior associated with emotion across cultures do not have an in depth knowledge of the topic.
Q3)Which of the following most aptly describes the function of the final paragraph?
A)To warn against a myth
B)To criticize a particular implication of the studies
C)To caution against an overly optimistic conclusion
D)To raise a consideration
E)To initiate a new unrelated discussion
Q4)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
A)The results of the experiments of the first study were tampered with.
B)There are more people who believe in the universals in emotional facial behavior than the other way around.
C)The subjects of the experiment were not aware of their knowledge of Western culture.
D)Portrayals of facial behavior in mass media are the same in different cultures.
E)The subject of universals in facial behaviors associated with emotions is well researched.
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09 Dec 2018, 19:52
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Already exists here numerous-investigations-have-been-made-to-test-267687.html?fl=similar
Archived Topic
Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
Where to now? Join ongoing discussions on thousands of quality questions in our Reading Comprehension (RC) Forum
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block above for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.
Thank you for understanding, and happy exploring!
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