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Bunuel
While the ivory trade has been banned in most developed nations, in newly-developed countries ivory is prized as a signal of wealth. In particular, there is great demand for complete elephant tusks - items that have spawned a counterfeit industry in which replicas of complete tusks are mass-produced and sold as real ivory. Buyers should beware, however, of tusks that have no imperfections as these are almost certainly counterfeits.

Which of the following most strengthens the argument above?

A. Many ivory purchasers are aware of the counterfeit market and are as happy with fake ivory as they would be with real ivory.

B. Some governments in developing economies have encouraged the counterfeit ivory market as a way to satisfy demand without harming animals to increase the supply.

C. Elephants regularly use their tusks to scrape bark from trees, a process that leads to the frequent chipping and breaking of tusks.

D. Counterfeit ivory is often damaged during shipping due to the fragile material necessary to make the product cost-effective.

E. The process of counterfeiting ivory has become so sophisticated that it is difficult for most people to tell the difference between authentic and counterfeit tusks.


­


VERITAS PREP OFFICIAL SOLUTION:



As you assess the argument, you should notice that there is very little direct evidence given for the conclusion that tusks without imperfections are almost certainly counterfeits. The premises only state that there is demand for tusks and that the counterfeiting of tusks is now an industry, but the conclusion is specific to one particular feature of tusks - if they're free from imperfection, they're counterfeit - without any evidence given for that. So your goal in the answer choices should be to find either a link between imperfections and authenticity or a link between perfect tusks and counterfeiting.

Choice C provides that first link: if real elephant tusks are often imperfect because of the way that elephants use their tusks, then it stands to reason that perfect tusks likely aren't authentic. Choice C is correct.

Among the incorrect answer choices, choice D actually weakens the argument by giving a reason why counterfeit tusks would have imperfections. And choices A, B, and E miss the point of the conclusion entirely - none of them deals with the link between perfect tusks and counterfeit tusks.

Recognize, also, an important lesson here: extra words (modifiers, adjectives, etc.) matter in conclusions! The most popular incorrect answer choice, E, gives a reason that buyers should be careful in general. But the conclusion is that buyers should beware specifically of those tusks that have no imperfections. That modifying phrase "that have no imperfections" is crucial to your understanding of the argument.
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