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27 Jan 2020, 01:09
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A cat will not be affectionate toward people unless it is handled when it is a kitten. Since the cat that Paula plans to give to her friend was handled when it was a kitten, that cat will be affectionate toward people.
The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which one of the following?
(A) Tulip bulbs will not produce flowers unless they are chilled for two months. Since the tulip bulbs in the clay pot were not chilled for two months, these bulbs will not produce flowers.
(B) Beets do not grow well unless the soil in which they are grown contains trace amounts of boron. Since the beets in this plot are growing well, the soil in the plot must contain trace amounts of boron.
(C) Fruit trees will not produce much fruit unless they are pruned properly. That the fruit trees at the local orchard produce a large amount of fruit proves that they have been pruned properly.
(D) Cranberries will not thrive unless they are grown in bogs. Since the cranberries in this area are not grown in bogs, these cranberries will not thrive.
(E) Crass seeds will not germinate well unless they are pressed firmly into the ground. The grass seeds sown in this yard were pressed firmly into the ground, so they will germinate well.
27 Jan 2020, 01:57
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(A) Tulip bulbs will not produce flowers unless they are chilled for two months. Since the tulip bulbs in the clay pot were not chilled for two months, these bulbs will not produce flowers. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out 
(B) Beets do not grow well unless the soil in which they are grown contains trace amounts of boron. Since the beets in this plot are growing well, the soil in the plot must contain trace amounts of boron. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out
(C) Fruit trees will not produce much fruit unless they are pruned properly. That the fruit trees at the local orchard produce a large amount of fruit proves that they have been pruned properly. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out
(D) Cranberries will not thrive unless they are grown in bogs. Since the cranberries in this area are not grown in bogs, these cranberries will not thrive. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out
(E) Crass seeds will not germinate well unless they are pressed firmly into the ground. The grass seeds sown in this yard were pressed firmly into the ground, so they will germinate well. - Parallel with the argument
(B) Beets do not grow well unless the soil in which they are grown contains trace amounts of boron. Since the beets in this plot are growing well, the soil in the plot must contain trace amounts of boron. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out
(C) Fruit trees will not produce much fruit unless they are pruned properly. That the fruit trees at the local orchard produce a large amount of fruit proves that they have been pruned properly. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out
(D) Cranberries will not thrive unless they are grown in bogs. Since the cranberries in this area are not grown in bogs, these cranberries will not thrive. - Second sentence is not parallel with the second statement of the argument. Out
(E) Crass seeds will not germinate well unless they are pressed firmly into the ground. The grass seeds sown in this yard were pressed firmly into the ground, so they will germinate well. - Parallel with the argument
27 Jan 2020, 05:30
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Quote:
If Affectionate -> then, Handled (valid);
If not Handled, then not Affectionate (valid);
If Handled, then Affectionate (this is a mistaken reversal, invalid).
(A) If PF -> C; If not C -> not PF (valid);
(B) If not GW -> no B; If GW -> B (valid);
(C) If PM -> PP; If PM -> PP (valid);
(D) If T -> GB; If not GB -> not T (valid);
Ans (E): If GW -> PF, If PF -> GW (the inverse, or the reversal is might not always be true, thus mistaken reversal).
