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According to a study of more than 50,000 Norwegian smokers, smokers who reduced their nicotine intake from cigarettes, even by up to 50 percent, did not achieve significant health benefits. The mortality rate for those who cut back on cigarettes was not lower than that for heavier smokers; moreover, the rate of cardiovascular disease was similar across all subsets of smokers in the study. As a result, the sponsors of the study claim that reducing nicotine intake does not improve one's health. Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the sponsors' claim?
A. The majority of study participants minimized their nicotine withdrawal symptoms through the use of skin patches and chewing gums that provide nicotine to the body.
B. To ensure compliance, the study's participants were periodically tested for nicotine levels in their blodd and saliva.
C. The study's participants started smoking at different ages and had varied nicotine intake.
D. Quitting smoke entirely results in a marked reduction in the ill effects of smoking.
E. People who smoked pipes and cigars were excluded from the study.
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According to a study of more than 50,000 Norwegian smokers, smokers who reduced their nicotine intake from cigarettes, even by up to 50 percent, did not achieve significant health benefits. The mortality rate for those who cut back on cigarettes was not lower than that for heavier smokers; moreover, the rate of cardiovascular disease was similar across all subsets of smokers in the study. As a result, the sponsors of the study claim that reducing nicotine intake does not improve one's health. Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the sponsors' claim?
A. The majority of study participants minimized their nicotine withdrawal symptoms through the use of skin patches and chewing gums that provide nicotine to the body.
B. To ensure compliance, the study's participants were periodically tested for nicotine levels in their blodd and saliva.
C. The study's participants started smoking at different ages and had varied nicotine intake.
D. Quitting smoke entirely results in a marked reduction in the ill effects of smoking.
E. People who smoked pipes and cigars were excluded from the study.
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block above for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.