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Although art historians typically attribute Rembrandt's large collection of self-portraits to his prolific nature, recent scholarship published by numerous art history journals have revealed that the seventeenth-century artist had often directed his apprentices to copy his own self-portraits as a means of improving their drawing techniques.


A. have revealed that the seventeenth-century artist had often directed his apprentices to copy his own self-portraits
B. has revealed that the seventeenth-century artist has often directed his apprentices to copy his own self-portraits
C. has revealed that the seventeenth-century artist often directed his apprentices to copy his own self-portraits
D. have revealed that the seventeenth-century artist would have often directed his apprentices to copy his own self-portraits
E. has revealed that the seventeenth-century artist had often directed his apprentices to copy his own self-portraits

This question is based on Subject-Verb agreement and Tense.

A quick vertical scan of the options shows us that the options give us a choice between the singular and plural forms – has and have. The subject of the verb is “scholarship”, which is singular. So, the singular form ‘has’ is the appropriate verb. On this basis, Options A and D can be eliminated.

We are left with options B, C, and E. The difference in these options is in the tense forms.

Option B contains the present perfect form “has directed” that does not suit the time-frame as the verb conveys an action in the past as suggested by the phrase “seventeenth-century artist”. So, Option B can be eliminated.

Option E contains the past perfect form “had directed”. This tense form is also inappropriate as the action mentioned is not an earlier action in a sequence of actions. So, Option E can also be eliminated.

The adverb ‘often’ conveys a habitual action. The simple tense is usually used to convey a habitual action. Since the sentence conveys a habitual action in the past, the simple past tense “directed” is appropriate.
Therefore, C is the most appropriate option.


Jayanthi Kumar.
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