Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be drawn from “a fair cross section of the community.” (A) has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be (B) was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being (C) was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be (D) is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be (E) will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being TIME September 28, 1981 | Vol. 118 No. 13 We, the Jury, Find the . . . LINK By Otto Friedrich Monday, Sept. 28, 1981 If the jury is fundamental to the U.S. system of justice, then it is clearly fundamental that the selection of jurors must also be just. Though the U.S. Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that the newly emancipated blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the court's principle that all juries must be drawn from "a fair cross section of the community." And how is such a cross section to be determined? The traditional method was that "key men" in the community—bankers and merchants, for the most part—drew up lists of responsible citizens who would serve. Not until this past winter was the last such key-man system discarded, in New Hampshire, after a conviction based on it was overturned.

The wording "Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880" sets up the sentence to convey that the events have been ongoing since 1880. Then, notice also that the sentence doesn't say that the process of developing and enforcing the principle is complete. Yes, it says, "nearly a century of of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary," but it doesn't say that the process is complete now after that "nearly a century." So, the present perfect works OK there.

positionyou There's no indication that these efforts are over. On the contrary, if case-by-case adjudication is necessary to enforce the principle, this means that the problem hasn't been solved in any permanent way. We are still having to do work over and over again to ensure that fair juries are formed.

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