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28 Jun 2026, 08:47
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Bovine remains found in a certain region of Africa date back to a time when the climate was arid. While there were people in the region at this time, there were no other large mammals there. Any natural sources of water available to these bovines would have brought other large mammals to the area. Thus, these bovines had been domesticated and the people living in the region were no longer exclusively hunter-gatherers.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Unless they are domesticated, bovines are unlikely to exist in a region where there are no natural sources of water available to them.
(B) Domesticating animals is one of the first practices that a society must adopt in order to change from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
(C) With the help of humans, other large mammals would have been able to inhabit this arid region.
(D) No human culture obtains food both through agriculture and through hunting and gathering.
(E) Domesticated animals of a given size do not need as much water as do wild animals of comparable size.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Unless they are domesticated, bovines are unlikely to exist in a region where there are no natural sources of water available to them.
(B) Domesticating animals is one of the first practices that a society must adopt in order to change from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
(C) With the help of humans, other large mammals would have been able to inhabit this arid region.
(D) No human culture obtains food both through agriculture and through hunting and gathering.
(E) Domesticated animals of a given size do not need as much water as do wild animals of comparable size.
28 Jun 2026, 10:28
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Lets look at the key assumption here: The argument concludes the bovines were domesticated because there were no natural water sources available to sustain them.
A is the only one that fits for this to be true. If A did not hold, then the presence of bovines would no longer imply domestication, and the argument falls apart.
A is the only one that fits for this to be true. If A did not hold, then the presence of bovines would no longer imply domestication, and the argument falls apart.
yc168
28 Jun 2026, 14:45
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Bovine remains found in a certain region of Africa date back to a time when the climate was arid. While there were people in the region at this time, there were no other large mammals there. Any natural sources of water available to these bovines would have brought other large mammals to the area. Thus, these bovines had been domesticated and the people living in the region were no longer exclusively hunter-gatherers.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
The argument says there were bovines in an arid region, but no other large mammals. Since natural water sources would have attracted other large mammals too, the argument suggests that the bovines were not surviving there through natural water sources. The key missing link is that wild bovines would probably not be there without natural water, so their presence is best explained by human care or domestication.
(A) Unless they are domesticated, bovines are unlikely to exist in a region where there are no natural sources of water available to them.
This is correct. If wild, undomesticated bovines could easily live in a region with no natural water sources, then the argument would lose its reason for concluding that these bovines were domesticated.
(B) Domesticating animals is one of the first practices that a society must adopt in order to change from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
This is not required. The argument does not need to show the full transition to agriculture; it only concludes that the people were not exclusively hunter-gatherers.
(C) With the help of humans, other large mammals would have been able to inhabit this arid region.
This is irrelevant. The argument is about why bovines were present despite the absence of other large mammals.
(D) No human culture obtains food both through agriculture and through hunting and gathering.
This is far too strong. The argument only says these people were not exclusively hunter-gatherers; it does not need to deny that mixed food systems exist.
(E) Domesticated animals of a given size do not need as much water as do wild animals of comparable size.
This is not required. The issue is not whether domesticated bovines need less water, but whether humans could have helped them survive where natural water sources were lacking.
Answer: (A)
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
The argument says there were bovines in an arid region, but no other large mammals. Since natural water sources would have attracted other large mammals too, the argument suggests that the bovines were not surviving there through natural water sources. The key missing link is that wild bovines would probably not be there without natural water, so their presence is best explained by human care or domestication.
(A) Unless they are domesticated, bovines are unlikely to exist in a region where there are no natural sources of water available to them.
This is correct. If wild, undomesticated bovines could easily live in a region with no natural water sources, then the argument would lose its reason for concluding that these bovines were domesticated.
(B) Domesticating animals is one of the first practices that a society must adopt in order to change from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
This is not required. The argument does not need to show the full transition to agriculture; it only concludes that the people were not exclusively hunter-gatherers.
(C) With the help of humans, other large mammals would have been able to inhabit this arid region.
This is irrelevant. The argument is about why bovines were present despite the absence of other large mammals.
(D) No human culture obtains food both through agriculture and through hunting and gathering.
This is far too strong. The argument only says these people were not exclusively hunter-gatherers; it does not need to deny that mixed food systems exist.
(E) Domesticated animals of a given size do not need as much water as do wild animals of comparable size.
This is not required. The issue is not whether domesticated bovines need less water, but whether humans could have helped them survive where natural water sources were lacking.
Answer: (A)
04 Aug 2026, 10:56
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The argument's logic proceeds as follows:
1. There were bovines, but no other large mammals.
2. If there were natural water sources, there would be other large mammals.
3. Therefore, there were no natural water sources.
4. Conclusion: The bovines must have been domesticated (humans must have provided water for them).
To find the assumption, we can use the Negation Test. If we negate the correct answer, the argument will completely fall apart.
(A) Unless they are domesticated, bovines are unlikely to exist in a region where there are no natural sources of water available to them.
Correct. Let us apply the Negation Test: "Wild (undomesticated) bovines ARE likely to exist in a region with no natural sources of water." If this is true, the mere presence of bovines in this dry region does not prove they were domesticated. They could have just been wild bovines surviving on their own. Since negating this statement destroys the author's conclusion, it is a required assumption.
(B) Domesticating animals is one of the first practices that a society must adopt in order to change from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
Incorrect. The timeline or ranking of practices necessary to shift to agriculture is irrelevant to proving whether these specific bovines were domesticated.
(C) With the help of humans, other large mammals would have been able to inhabit this arid region.
Incorrect. The argument only concerns how the bovines survived. Whether humans could have theoretically helped other mammals is outside the scope of the conclusion.
(D) No human culture obtains food both through agriculture and through hunting and gathering.
Incorrect. The conclusion specifically states the people were "no longer exclusively hunter-gatherers." This phrasing intentionally leaves room for the possibility that they did both. Assuming they cannot do both contradicts the careful wording of the prompt.
(E) Domesticated animals of a given size do not need as much water as do wild animals of comparable size.
Incorrect. The argument relies on the premise that humans stepped in to provide water because natural sources were absent. It does not rely on domesticated animals needing less water than wild ones.
1. There were bovines, but no other large mammals.
2. If there were natural water sources, there would be other large mammals.
3. Therefore, there were no natural water sources.
4. Conclusion: The bovines must have been domesticated (humans must have provided water for them).
To find the assumption, we can use the Negation Test. If we negate the correct answer, the argument will completely fall apart.
(A) Unless they are domesticated, bovines are unlikely to exist in a region where there are no natural sources of water available to them.
Correct. Let us apply the Negation Test: "Wild (undomesticated) bovines ARE likely to exist in a region with no natural sources of water." If this is true, the mere presence of bovines in this dry region does not prove they were domesticated. They could have just been wild bovines surviving on their own. Since negating this statement destroys the author's conclusion, it is a required assumption.
(B) Domesticating animals is one of the first practices that a society must adopt in order to change from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
Incorrect. The timeline or ranking of practices necessary to shift to agriculture is irrelevant to proving whether these specific bovines were domesticated.
(C) With the help of humans, other large mammals would have been able to inhabit this arid region.
Incorrect. The argument only concerns how the bovines survived. Whether humans could have theoretically helped other mammals is outside the scope of the conclusion.
(D) No human culture obtains food both through agriculture and through hunting and gathering.
Incorrect. The conclusion specifically states the people were "no longer exclusively hunter-gatherers." This phrasing intentionally leaves room for the possibility that they did both. Assuming they cannot do both contradicts the careful wording of the prompt.
(E) Domesticated animals of a given size do not need as much water as do wild animals of comparable size.
Incorrect. The argument relies on the premise that humans stepped in to provide water because natural sources were absent. It does not rely on domesticated animals needing less water than wild ones.
