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18 Jul 2026, 04:33
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Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
70% (01:29) correct
30%
(02:20)
wrong
based on 132
sessions
History
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Time
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Columnist: Making some types of products from recycled materials is probably as damaging to the environment as it would be to make those products from entirely nonrecycled materials. The recycling process for those products requires as much energy as producing them from raw materials, and almost all energy production damages the environment.
The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
(A) uses the word "environment" in one sense in a premise and in a different sense in the conclusion drawn from that premise
(B) treats an effect of energy-related damage to the environment as if it were instead a cause of such damage
(C) fails to consider that the particular types of recycled products that it cites may not be representative of recycled products in general
(D) fails to consider that making products from recycled materials may have environmental benefits unrelated to energy consumption
(E) presumes that simply because one phenomenon follows another phenomenon the earlier phenomenon must be a cause of the later one
The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
(A) uses the word "environment" in one sense in a premise and in a different sense in the conclusion drawn from that premise
(B) treats an effect of energy-related damage to the environment as if it were instead a cause of such damage
(C) fails to consider that the particular types of recycled products that it cites may not be representative of recycled products in general
(D) fails to consider that making products from recycled materials may have environmental benefits unrelated to energy consumption
(E) presumes that simply because one phenomenon follows another phenomenon the earlier phenomenon must be a cause of the later one
18 Jul 2026, 12:00
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Columnist: Making some types of products from recycled materials is probably as damaging to the environment as it would be to make those products from entirely nonrecycled materials. The recycling process for those products requires as much energy as producing them from raw materials, and almost all energy production damages the environment.
The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
The columnist argues that because recycling certain products uses as much energy as making them from raw materials, the two processes are probably equally damaging to the environment. The flaw is that environmental damage may involve more than energy use. Recycled materials may have other environmental benefits, such as reducing landfill waste or reducing the need to extract raw materials.
(A) uses the word "environment" in one sense in a premise and in a different sense in the conclusion drawn from that premise
This is incorrect. “Environment” is used in the same sense throughout: the natural environment.
(B) treats an effect of energy-related damage to the environment as if it were instead a cause of such damage
This is not happening. The argument does not reverse cause and effect.
(C) fails to consider that the particular types of recycled products that it cites may not be representative of recycled products in general
This is incorrect. The argument talks only about “some types” of recycled products. It does not generalize to all recycled products.
(D) fails to consider that making products from recycled materials may have environmental benefits unrelated to energy consumption
This is correct. Even if recycled products require the same amount of energy to make, they may still be better for the environment in other ways. So equal energy use does not prove equal environmental damage.
(E) presumes that simply because one phenomenon follows another phenomenon the earlier phenomenon must be a cause of the later one
This is incorrect. The argument does not rely on timing or sequence.
Answer: (D)
The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
The columnist argues that because recycling certain products uses as much energy as making them from raw materials, the two processes are probably equally damaging to the environment. The flaw is that environmental damage may involve more than energy use. Recycled materials may have other environmental benefits, such as reducing landfill waste or reducing the need to extract raw materials.
(A) uses the word "environment" in one sense in a premise and in a different sense in the conclusion drawn from that premise
This is incorrect. “Environment” is used in the same sense throughout: the natural environment.
(B) treats an effect of energy-related damage to the environment as if it were instead a cause of such damage
This is not happening. The argument does not reverse cause and effect.
(C) fails to consider that the particular types of recycled products that it cites may not be representative of recycled products in general
This is incorrect. The argument talks only about “some types” of recycled products. It does not generalize to all recycled products.
(D) fails to consider that making products from recycled materials may have environmental benefits unrelated to energy consumption
This is correct. Even if recycled products require the same amount of energy to make, they may still be better for the environment in other ways. So equal energy use does not prove equal environmental damage.
(E) presumes that simply because one phenomenon follows another phenomenon the earlier phenomenon must be a cause of the later one
This is incorrect. The argument does not rely on timing or sequence.
Answer: (D)
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