A. are too uncommon in the scientific world and
although the representation of data across fields is very similar, it is,
however, rare that professionals from different disciplines share thoughts with one another.
--> Use of although already brings in the required directional change in the sentence, hence, "however" would be redundant. D is a better choice
B. are
to uncommon in the scientific world and although the data representation across fields is very similar, it is rare, however, that professionals from different disciplines share thoughts with one another.
--> change of meaning by replacing "too" with "to". In this context "too" seems correct
C.
is too uncommon in the scientific world and although the representation of data across fields is very similar, it is rare that professionals from different disciplines share their thoughts with one another
--> SV error with "is" instead of "are"
D. are too uncommon in the scientific world and although the representation of data across fields is very similar, it is rare that professionals share thoughts with those from different disciplines.
--> Looks okay. "Those" correctly refers to the comparison with other professionals.
E. are too uncommon in the scientific world and although the representation of
data fields is very similar, it is rare that professionals from different disciplines share thoughts with one another.
--> "data fields" changes the meaning from "data across fields"