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01 Feb 2020, 03:07
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C
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Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
71% (01:21) correct
29%
(01:17)
wrong
based on 852
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Elena: While I was at the dog show, every dog that growled at me was a white poodle, and every white poodle I saw growled at me.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Elena’s statement?
(A) The only white dogs that Elena saw at the dog show were poodles.
(B) There were no gray poodles at the dog show.
(C) At the dog show, no gray dogs growled at Elena.
(D) All the white dogs that Elena saw growled at her.
(E) Elena did not see any gray poodles at the dog show.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Elena’s statement?
(A) The only white dogs that Elena saw at the dog show were poodles.
(B) There were no gray poodles at the dog show.
(C) At the dog show, no gray dogs growled at Elena.
(D) All the white dogs that Elena saw growled at her.
(E) Elena did not see any gray poodles at the dog show.
16 Apr 2021, 00:15
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OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
(A) No. The passage does tell us that a dog growled at Elena if and only if it was a white poodle. However, this does not preclude the possibility of other white dogs being at the show—they just didn’t growl at Elena.
(B) No. The clause “every dog that growled at me was a white poodle” contains an embedded if-then statement: if a dog growled at me, it was a white poodle. This in turn can be diagrammed as follows:
G—>WP
This diagram allows gray poodles; they just can’t growl at Elena.
(C) Yes. The clause “every dog that growled at me was a white poodle” contains an embedded if-then statement: if a dog growled at me, it was a white poodle. This in turn can be diagrammed as follows:
G—>WP
Now, if a particular dog growled at Elena, it must be a white, not gray, poodle.
It may help to apply the contrapositive to the above diagram: ~WP—>~G. Now, a gray dog is not a white poodle. Hence, the hypothesis of the if-then statement ~WP—>~G is satisfied. Therefore, the conclusion ~G must follow—that is, no gray dog growled at Elena.
(D) No. The clause “every dog that growled at me was a white poodle” contains an embedded if-then statement: if a dog growled at me, it was a white poodle. This in turn can be diagrammed as follows:
G—>WP
Now, if a particular dog growled at Elena, it must be a white poodle. Hence, it does not follow that all white dogs growled at Elena unless there were only white poodles at the dog show.
(E) No. The clause “every dog that growled at me was a white poodle” contains an embedded if-then statement: if a dog growled at me, it was a white poodle. This in turn can be diagrammed as follows:
G—>WP
This diagram allows gray poodles; they just can’t growl at Elena.
General Discussion
02 Feb 2020, 11:25
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Premise 1: While I was at the dog show, every dog that growled at me was a white poodle.
Premise 2: every white poodle I saw growled at me.
Per the information above, every dog that growled at Elena at the show was a white poodle, and every white poodle Elena saw growled at her.
It can be concluded from the above information that only a white poodle growled at Elena at the show, implying that no other dog apart from a white poodle growled at her.
From the answer choices, C is in line with the conclusion drawn above from the information. Hence C is the right answer.
(A) The only white dogs that Elena saw at the dog show were poodles.
No, this is not necessarily true based on the information provided. Elena could have seen many other breeds of dogs that were white, but only a white poodle growled at her. A is incorrect.
(B) There were no gray poodles at the dog show.
This is not necessarily true per the information provided. The information does not talk about the varieties of dogs at show. There could be as many breeds of dogs including gray poodles on the show, but the only inference that can be drawn is that the only dogs that growled at Elena are white poodles. B is incorrect.
(C) At the dog show, no gray dogs growled at Elena.
Correct. This is a true inference from the information provided. From the conclusion provided only white poodles growled at Elena, hence we can conclude that no gray dogs growled at Elena.
(D) All the white dogs that Elena saw growled at her.
This is untrue per the conclusion drawn from the argument: white poodles are the only dogs that growled at Elena.
(E) Elena did not see any gray poodles at the dog show.
Just as stated in the explanation for B, this cannot necessarily be inferred from the information above.
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Premise 2: every white poodle I saw growled at me.
Per the information above, every dog that growled at Elena at the show was a white poodle, and every white poodle Elena saw growled at her.
It can be concluded from the above information that only a white poodle growled at Elena at the show, implying that no other dog apart from a white poodle growled at her.
From the answer choices, C is in line with the conclusion drawn above from the information. Hence C is the right answer.
(A) The only white dogs that Elena saw at the dog show were poodles.
No, this is not necessarily true based on the information provided. Elena could have seen many other breeds of dogs that were white, but only a white poodle growled at her. A is incorrect.
(B) There were no gray poodles at the dog show.
This is not necessarily true per the information provided. The information does not talk about the varieties of dogs at show. There could be as many breeds of dogs including gray poodles on the show, but the only inference that can be drawn is that the only dogs that growled at Elena are white poodles. B is incorrect.
(C) At the dog show, no gray dogs growled at Elena.
Correct. This is a true inference from the information provided. From the conclusion provided only white poodles growled at Elena, hence we can conclude that no gray dogs growled at Elena.
(D) All the white dogs that Elena saw growled at her.
This is untrue per the conclusion drawn from the argument: white poodles are the only dogs that growled at Elena.
(E) Elena did not see any gray poodles at the dog show.
Just as stated in the explanation for B, this cannot necessarily be inferred from the information above.
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