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I agree that D is better, but you won't typically see a real SC problem where an answer is wrong solely on the grounds of concision unless the words are actually redundant. For example, you wouldn't want to say "The pouring rain fell," "the increasing cost of gas is going up," etc.
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Etymologists have encountered similar linguistic features in widely varying language groups, which are consistent with the theory that all languages can be traced back to a common root language.

(A)which are consistent with the theory that all languages -> which cannot modify the whole clause
(B)where the theory that all languages are consistent -> where cannot modify the whole clause
(C)consistent with its theory that all languages -> Consistent seem to modify "groups" which is illogical
(D)findings consistent with the theory that all languages -> Findings -> modifies what Etymologists have encountered and consistent modifies "findings" . This is of the form Noun + Noun Modifier (Absolute phrase) which can modify any noun in the previous clause -> Correct
(E)findings that are consistent with the theory that proposes that all languages -> That are consistent -> is wordier and can be replaced by "consistent" as option D)
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Etymologists have encountered similar linguistic features in widely varying language groups, which are consistent with the theory that all languages can be traced back to a common root language.

(A)which are consistent with the theory that all languages
(B)where the theory that all languages are consistent
(C)consistent with its theory that all languages
(D)findings consistent with the theory that all languages
(E)findings that are consistent with the theory that proposes that all languages

As we time to time encounter that 'which' does not modify preceding noun in every case. Some say that from the meaning we can understand what "which" modifies. Although I selected D, but how can prove that which does not modify "linguistic features". If we think so, the original sentence will be perfectly grammatical and meaning will stay intact.

Could anyone evaluate my thought?
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Hello from the GMAT Club VerbalBot!

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