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Fossil bones of the huge herbivorous dinosaurs known as sauropods were

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Question 1

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Fossil bones of the huge herbivorous dinosaurs known as sauropods were first discovered and studied between 1840 and 1880, providing evidence for the gargantuan dimensions of the adults. The shape of sauropod teeth suggested what they ate. But aside from trackways, or series of fossilized footprints — which established that sauropods at least occasionally lived in herds — fossils incorporating direct evidence of other behavior, such as reproductive behavior, have been almost nonexistent. Because no modern land animals even approach sauropod size, scientists have also lacked a living analogue to use as a guide to possible sauropod behavior. Until the recent discovery of fossilized sauropod nesting grounds, scientists were thus uncertain whether sauropods laid eggs or gave birth to live young.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the evidence provided by sauropod teeth?

A. The teeth allow inferences to be made about sauropod social behavior.
B. The shape of the teeth indicates that sauropods were herbivorous.
C. The teeth have no resemblance to those of any modern land animal.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the recently discovered fossilized sauropod nesting grounds?

A. They are among the few fossils incorporating direct evidence of sauropod behavior.
B. They confirm the evidence provided by trackways about sauropod behavior.
C. They have forced a reevaluation of theories regarding the nature of sauropod herd behavior.

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Official Explanation

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the evidence provided by sauropod teeth?

Choice B is the only correct answer.

Choice A is incorrect: the passage mentions that fossilized footprints permit the inference that sauropods exhibited herd behavior, but there is no indication that this or any other social behavior can be inferred from sauropod teeth.

Choice B is correct: the passage states that sauropods were herbivorous (feeding on plants) and that “the shape of sauropod teeth suggested what they ate.”

Choice C is incorrect: the passage says that there are no modern land animals similar in size to sauropods, not that there are no such animals with similar teeth.

Answer: B

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Official Explanation

2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the recently discovered fossilized sauropod nesting grounds?

Explanation

Choice A is the only correct answer.

Choice A is correct: the last sentence of the passage implies that the discovery of fossilized sauropod nesting grounds resolved the question of whether sauropods laid eggs or gave birth to live young and therefore provided evidence of sauropods’ reproductive behavior. Until this discovery, except for the trackways that showed herd behavior, “fossils incorporating direct evidence” of sauropod behavior were “almost nonexistent” (lines 5—6).

Choice B is incorrect: according to the passage, trackways provided evidence of herd behavior, whereas fossilized nesting grounds provided evidence concerning reproductive behavior. There is no information in the passage to suggest that the nesting grounds confirmed evidence provided by the trackways, or even that the trackway evidence needed confirming.

Choice C is incorrect: the passage presents fossilized nesting grounds as providing evidence about reproductive behavior, not herd behavior. Nothing in the passage suggests that there are theories of the nature of sauropod herd behavior that have been reevaluated.

Answer: A