While eyes with lenses have developed independently in a diverse group

Question

While eyes with lenses have developed independently in a diverse group of animal species, focusing processes differ. In fish, the whole lens moves closer to the retina when focusing on objects that are far away. Predatory birds have developed a way of keeping their prey in focus while sweeping down on it: instead of the lens moving, the curvature of the cornea, the flexible transparent membrane covering the lens and supporting the eyeball, changes. Mammals, including humans, have evolved a method of focusing by changing the curvature of the lens itself—decreasing it for distant objects and increasing it for close ones. Evolution has also resulted in the gradual development of binocular vision—the shifting of the eyes’ position from the side of the head to the front. This enables the brain to fuse the images processed separately by each eye into a single, three-dimensional image.

Color reception also evolved independently, albeit intermittently. Honeybees, for example, are color-blind to red but can discern other colors. Experiments have shown that some teleost, or bony fish, can distinguish colors. Primates, most notably humans, have this ability, as do a few other mammal species.

Color reception also evolved independently, albeit intermittently. Honeybees, for example, are color-blind to red but can discern other colors. Experiments have shown that some teleost, or bony fish, can distinguish colors. Primates, most notably humans, have this ability, as do a few other mammal species.    1 
 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. discuss the variety of evolutionary paths taken by the eye
B. examine the visual process of mammals
C. demonstrate the color-adaptability of certain animals
D. portray the function of eye curvature in predatory birds
E. indicate the range of knowledge about vision

2 
 2. It can be inferred from the passage that eyesight in predatory birds developed

A. according to the variety of thickness of membranes that surround the eye
B. to support the different mechanisms required for viewing objects at different distances
C. in a way that aids in the hunting of prey
D. to allow for the primary feature of color differentiation
E. as a means of choosing an attractive mate

3 
 3. According to the passage, the focusing process of fish differs from that of predatory birds in that for fish the process involves

A. the movement of the lens closer to the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the lens itself
B. the movement of the lens away from the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves the movement of the lens closer to the cornea
C. the movement of the eyes from the side to the front of the head, whereas in predatory birds process does not involve eye movement
D. changes in color perception, whereas in predatory birds the process does not require color perception
E. changes in the distance between the lens and the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the cornea

4 
 4. According to the passage, if a mammal were to focus on an approaching object, an examination of its eyes would reveal

A. an increasing corneal curvature
B. a thinning of the transparent membrane surrounding the cornea
C. an increasing curvature of the lens
D. an increasing lens-retina distance ratio
E. a broadening of the lens

5 
 5. According to the passage, some teleost possess which of the following?

I. Eyes with lenses
II. Binocular vision
III. The ability to perceive color

A. None
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III

6 
 6. The description of color reception in the second paragraph relies on which of the following assumptions?

A. Reliable tests exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive color.
B. Honeybees do not need to perceive color in order to survive.
C. Teleost and primates perceive colors in a similar manner.
D. Color reception requires the ability to focus on distant objects.
E. Most animals are capable of perceiving certain colors.

7 
 7. The passage is most likely an excerpt from

A. an academic paper
B. a biology textbook
C. a journal for optometrists
D. a wildlife field guide
E. a newspaper article about color blindness

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zhanbo · Accepted Answer

Question 1 : My answer is  (A) . 
While (A) is rather straightforward, we can use POE for even higher confidence. 
(B) mammals is only discussed in one or two sentences. 
(C) No discussion offered. 
(D) Only discussed in one sentence. 
(E) vision is a much broader topic.

Question 2 : My answer is  (C) .
The answer is directly offered in this sentence: Predatory birds have developed a way of keeping their prey in focus while sweeping down on it.

Question 3 : My answer is  (E) .
"In fish,  the whole lens moves  closer to the retina when focusing on objects that are far away."
"Predatory birds: instead of the lens moving,  the curvature of the cornea , the flexible transparent  membrane  covering the lens and supporting the eyeball,  changes .

Question 4 : My answer is  (C) .
An approaching object is getting closer and closer. 
"Mammals, including humans, have evolved a method of focusing by  changing the curvature of the lens  itself—decreasing it for distant objects and  increasing it for close ones ."

Question 5 : My answer is  (C) .
Teleost is a fish species, so its ”whole lens moves closer to the retina when focusing on objects". 
Also, it "can distinguish colors".
But the discussion of "Binocular vision" has no relevance with Teleost.

Question 6 : My answer is  (A) .
I actually predicated this answer before checking answer choices. The hint is in the sentence: "Experiments have shown that...". If we negate (A) "Reliable tests does not exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive color", such discussion is meaningless. 
Other options do not need to be assumed for the author's discussion to be meaningful.

Question 7 : My answer is  (B) . 
(A) Actually it might be part of the "survey / review" part of an academic paper. Its subject matter is too rudimentary though. So the reader cannot be an experts in this domain. Keep looking for better choice. 
(B) A textbook can start with basic background. Or, a textbook for non-majors. More likely than (A).
(C) "optometrists" primarily care about human eyes. As a fun reading, maybe it is relevant. But (B) is stronger. 
(D) Too far-fetched. 
(E) Only if there is a twist later in the passage revealing that color blindness is due to aberrant developments of eye lenses. 
We need to choose most likely source of the excerpt. I think (B) is the safest bet.

ElninoEffect · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. discuss the variety of evolutionary paths taken by the eye 
Sums up the passage correctly.
B. examine the visual process of mammals
Not just mammals but certain birds and fishes also. (Too restricted)
C. demonstrate the color-adaptability of certain animals
Not just color adaptability but how the eyes work differently to focus.(Too restricted)
D. portray the function of eye curvature in predatory birds
Same as B
E. indicate the range of knowledge about vision
Its just a part of the whole passage. (Too confined)

2. It can be inferred from the passage that eyesight in predatory birds developed

A. according to the variety of thickness of membranes that surround the eye
Eyesight developed according to the variety of thickness of the membrane.? 
It should be eyesight changes because of the change in thickness of the membrane.
B. to support the different mechanisms required for viewing objects at different distances
Only one mechanism has been mentioned that is hunting.
C.  in a way that aids in the hunting of prey 
Correct.
D. to allow for the primary feature of color differentiation
Not at all linked in any way.
E. as a means of choosing an attractive mate
Cannot be inferred.

3. According to the passage, the focusing process of fish differs from that of predatory birds in that for fish the process involves

A. the movement of the lens closer to the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the lens itself
the movement of the lens closer to the retina - this happens when the prey is at distance only. what about when it is close.? Too specific.
in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the lens itself - There is a change in the curvature of the cornea, not the lens.
B. the movement of the lens away from the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves the movement of the lens closer to the cornea
the system mentioned for the predatory bird is entirely wrong.
C. the movement of the eyes from the side to the front of the head, whereas in predatory birds process does not involve eye movement
both parts of the sentences are wrong.
D. changes in color perception, whereas in predatory birds the process does not require color perception
Not at all linked in any way.
E.  changes in the distance between the lens and the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the cornea 
Perfect.! Exactaly stated.

4. According to the passage, if a mammal were to focus on an approaching object, an examination of its eyes would reveal

A. an increasing corneal curvature
the sentence is suggesting the curvature of the cornea is increasing. Which is wrong.
B. a thinning of the transparent membrane surrounding the cornea
This mechanism is for birds.
C.  an increasing curvature of the lens 
Perfect.! has been exactaly mentioned like that.
D. an increasing lens-retina distance ratio
Distance between the lens and the retina is fixed it's the curvature of the lens which changes.
E. a broadening of the lens
We don't know what effect it will have on the curvature of the lens.

5. According to the passage, some teleost possess which of the following?

I. Eyes with lenses - Telepost is a kind of fish only so must be having a lens.
II. Binocular vision - We can't infer that.
III. The ability to perceive color - Yes.

A. None
B. I and II only
C.  I and III only 
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III

6. The description of color reception in the second paragraph relies on which of the following assumptions?

The entire conclusion is based on the experiment results. So only option A fits the bill.
A.  Reliable tests exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive color. 
B. Honeybees do not need to perceive color in order to survive.
C. Teleost and primates perceive colors in a similar manner.
D. Color reception requires the ability to focus on distant objects.
E. Most animals are capable of perceiving certain colors.

7. The passage is most likely an excerpt from

A. an academic paper
A research paper is generally about some new research or finding in a field. This passage is simply stating the facts about the evolution of the eye.
B.  a biology textbook 
Yes, it can be certainly from a biology textbook. Reason same as A.
C. a journal for optometrists
I think optometrists are only concerned about human eyes and their defects.
D. a wildlife field guide
Certainly not.
E. a newspaper article about color blindness
Nowhere color blindness has been discussed.

vijayram2496 · Answer

Question 1:

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. discuss the variety of evolutionary paths taken by the eye
B. examine the visual process of mammals
C. demonstrate the color-adaptability of certain animals
D. portray the function of eye curvature in predatory birds
E. indicate the range of knowledge about vision

My answer is   A 
Other options discuss specific subjects of passage but not as a whole or out of topic.

Question 2:
2. It can be inferred from the passage that eyesight in predatory birds developed

A. according to the variety of thickness of membranes that surround the eye
B. to support the different mechanisms required for viewing objects at different distances
C. in a way that aids in the hunting of prey
D. to allow for the primary feature of color differentiation
E. as a means of choosing an attractive mate

My answer is  C 
A ..Passage does not mention about thickness of cornea around the eye for birds 
B ..This is mentioned for Human Beings
D ..There is no mention of birds for this feature
E ..This is not mentioned .

3. According to the passage, the focusing process of fish differs from that of predatory birds in that for fish the process involves

A. the movement of the lens closer to the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the lens itself
B. the movement of the lens away from the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves the movement of the lens closer to the cornea
C. the movement of the eyes from the side to the front of the head, whereas in predatory birds process does not involve eye movement
D. changes in color perception, whereas in predatory birds the process does not require color perception
E. changes in the distance between the lens and the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the cornea

My answer is  E

A. first part is correct ,but in birds it is changes in curvature of cornea but not lens
B. In fishes, the movement of the lens is closer to the retina
C. Wrong conclusion for both birds and fishes.
D. No mention of Color Perception for birds and fishes .

4. According to the passage, if a mammal were to focus on an approaching object, an examination of its eyes would reveal

A. an increasing corneal curvature
B. a thinning of the transparent membrane surrounding the cornea
C. an increasing curvature of the lens
D. an increasing lens-retina distance ratio
E. a broadening of the lens

My Answer is  C

A. For birds there would be a change in corneal curvature but not for mammals.
B. Not mentioned for mammals.
D. Not mentioned for mammals in passage.
E. Broadening the curvature of lens, but not lens itself.

Question 5.
5. According to the passage, some teleost possess which of the following?

I. Eyes with lenses
II. Binocular vision
III. The ability to perceive color

A. None
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III

My Answer is  C .

For some teleost or bony fish ,the ability to distinguish color is mentioned in passage ,but then in previous passage it is mentioned that fishes have eyes with lens.
Also there is no mention about BV in fishes .So eliminating statement 2.
If the teleost can distinguish color then it can be assumed that ,it can perceive color I suppose.

Question 6.
6. The description of color reception in the second paragraph relies on which of the following assumptions?

A. Reliable tests exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive color.
B. Honeybees do not need to perceive color in order to survive.
C. Teleost and primates perceive colors in a similar manner.
D. Color reception requires the ability to focus on distant objects.
E. Most animals are capable of perceiving certain colors.

My Answer is  A

A. If I negate A ,reliable tests does not exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive color. If so , this weakens conclusion in second paragraph.
B. Honeybees are only color-blind to red. So even if I negate B ,conclusion is still valid.
C. Need not be true.
D. Not relation is mentioned in passage. 
E. Too generic. If I negate ,conclusion is still valid.

Question 7.
7. The passage is most likely an excerpt from

A. an academic paper
B. a biology textbook
C. a journal for optometrists
D. a wildlife field guide
E. a newspaper article about color blindness

My Answer is  C 
This passage mentions about some evolutions in some features of eyes in fishes, birds ,mammals.
The tone is generic and focus is mostly on eyes and its behavior .
So I think A cannot be the answer as it mentions about different facts and features that are evolved over a period(Generic )
B and C are close ,but I chose C as it is particularly about eyes and it is specific to that.
D&E are irrelevant and too specific.

ShivaniCh12 · Answer

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. discuss the variety of evolutionary paths taken by the eye
B. examine the visual process of mammals
C. demonstrate the color-adaptability of certain animals
D. portray the function of eye curvature in predatory birds
E.  indicate the range of knowledge about vision
 - it can inferred from line 1-2 that eye is developed independently in diverse group but their process of focusing differs.

2.It can be inferred from the passage that eyesight in predatory birds developed

A. according to the variety of thickness of membranes that surround the eye
B. to support the different mechanisms required for viewing objects at different distances
C.  in a way that aids in the hunting of prey - infer from line 3-"Predatory birds have developed a way of keeping their prey in focus while sweeping down on it"
D. to allow for the primary feature of color differentiation
E. as a means of choosing an attractive mate

3. According to the passage, the focusing process of fish differs from that of predatory birds in that for fish the process involves

A.the movement of the lens closer to the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the lens itself
B. the movement of the lens away from the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves the movement of the lens closer to the cornea
C. the movement of the eyes from the side to the front of the head, whereas in predatory birds process does not involve eye movement
D. changes in color perception, whereas in predatory birds the process does not require color perception
E.  changes in the distance between the lens and the retina, whereas in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the cornea - Infer from the (lines 2-4)

4- 4. According to the passage, if a mammal were to focus on an approaching object, an examination of its eyes would reveal

A. an increasing corneal curvature
B. a thinning of the transparent membrane surrounding the cornea
C.  an increasing curvature of the lens - Infer from lines (6-7)
D. an increasing lens-retina distance ratio
E. a broadening of the lens

5- According to the passage, some teleost possess which of the following?

I. Eyes with lenses
II. Binocular vision
III. The ability to perceive color

A. None
B. I and II only
C.I and III only- Binocular vision, evolution is for mammals and humans as per passage
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III

6-The description of color reception in the second paragraph relies on which of the following assumptions?

A. Reliable tests exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive color.
B. Honeybees do not need to perceive color in order to survive.
C.  Teleost and primates perceive colors in a similar manner. - infer from line 12-14
D. Color reception requires the ability to focus on distant objects.
E. Most animals are capable of perceiving certain colors.

7-. The passage is most likely an excerpt from

A. an academic paper
B.  a biology textbook -it can be inferred as it is providing knowledge about the focusing process differ in diverse group of animal species.
D. a wildlife field guide
E. a newspaper article about color blindness

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Competition mode is off now.

OAs are:

ACECCAB

Well done!  ElninoEffect  9/10

zhanbo  8/10

vijayram2496  6/10

100mitra · Answer

Words:   191
  Read Time:   3 mins
  Paragraph Structure:   a phenomenon (Working of lens in different species), discussion by examples.
  Paraphrasing:   
 Para 1:  
While eyes with lenses have developed independently in a diverse group of animal species, focusing processes differ, enables brain to fuse images into single 3D image. Example in fish, in Predatory birds, and in mammals etc
 Para 2:  
Colour reception also evolved at regular interval independently, example in honeybees, some teleost or bony fish, and few other mammal species such as humans.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to  
As mentioned in the passage, 
 Statement 1:  “ While eyes with lenses have developed independently in a diverse group of animal species, focusing processes differ ”
 Statement 2:  “ Color reception also evolved independently, albeit intermittently ”
  Correct Option: A. discuss the variety of evolutionary paths taken by the eye - correct

Eliminate other options, as they are irrelevant, as not mentioned in the passage. 
B. (examine) the  visual process  of mammals 
C. ( demonstrate ) the colour-adaptability of certain animals 
D. (portray) the function of eye curvature in  predatory birds 
E. (indicate) the  range of knowledge about vision

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. It can be inferred from the passage that eyesight in predatory birds developed  
As mentioned in the passage, 
“ Predatory birds have developed a way of keeping their prey in focus 
while sweeping down on it: instead of the lens moving, the curvature of the cornea, the flexible transparent membrane covering the lens and supporting the eyeball, changes ”
  Correct Option: C. in a way that aids in the hunting of prey

A. according to the variety of thickness of membranes that surround the eye
  Wrong   –  its not variety of thickness of membranes, it’s the flexible transparent membrane covering the lens and supporting the eyeball, that changes, anyways it is not the reason of eyesight development .
B. to support the different mechanisms required for viewing objects at different distances
  Wrong   –  Out of scope, no mechanism discussed in the passage .
D. to allow for the primary feature of colour differentiation
  Wrong  –  passage discuss about colour differentiation only about bees, fish, and humans, not about birds, out of scope, as it is not mentioned in the passage 
E. as a means of choosing an attractive mate 
  Wrong    Out of scope, Not mentioned in the passage.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. According to the passage, the focusing process of fish differs from that of predatory birds in that for fish the process involves

As mentioned in the passage, 
 Statement 1:  “ In fish, the whole lens moves closer to the retina when focusing on objects that are far away ”
 Statement 2:  “I n Predatory birds in process of catching prey, the lens moving, the curvature of the cornea, the flexible transparent membrane covering the  lens and supporting the eyeball, changes ] .”
  Correct Option: E. changes in the distance between the lens and the retina, whereas ( Correct )
in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the cornea ( Correct )

A. the movement of the lens closer to the retina, whereas   (Correct)  
in predatory birds the process involves changes in the curvature of the     (Wrong)   – Trap!, its in mammals.

B. the movement of the lens away from the retina, whereas   (Wrong)  
in predatory birds the process involves the movement of the lens closer to the cornea   (Wrong)

C. the movement of the eyes from the side to the front of the head, whereas   (Wrong)  
in predatory birds process does not involve eye movement   (Wrong)

D. changes in colour perception, whereas   (Wrong)  
in predatory birds the process does not require colour perception   (Wrong)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  4. According to the passage, 
if a mammal were to focus on an approaching object, 
an examination of its eyes would reveal  
as mentioned in the passage, 
“ Mammals, including humans, have evolved a method of 
focusing by  changing the curvature of the lens itself ] — decreasing it for distant objects and increasing it for close ones ”
  Correct Option: C. an increasing curvature of the lens

A. an increasing corneal curvature (  (Wrong)   – it changes)
B. a thinning of the transparent membrane surrounding the cornea (  (Wrong)   – it is in birds)
D. an increasing lens-retina distance ratio (  (Wrong)   – it is fixed)
E. a broadening of the lens (  (Wrong)   – Irrelevant)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. According to the passage, some teleost possess which of the following?  
As mentioned in the passage,
 Statement 1:  “ In fish, the whole lens moves closer to the retina when focusing on objects that are far away ”
 Statement 2:  “ Experiments have shown that some teleost, or bony fish, can distinguish colours ”
 I. Eyes with lenses 
 II. Binocular vision 
 III. The ability to perceive colour

Correct option: C. I and III only

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6. The description of colour reception in the second paragraph relies on which of the following assumptions? 
 
As mentioned in the passage, “ Experiments has shown ,” correctly indicates 
  Correct Option :A. Reliable tests exist for determining an animal's ability to perceive colour .

Eliminate B, and C and E   – as based on them, 
no assumption can be done, and this are only examples to highlight certain experiments.
B. Honeybees do not need to perceive colour in order to survive.
C. Teleost and primates perceive colours in a similar manner.
E. Most animals are capable of perceiving certain colours.

D. Color reception requires the ability to focus on distant objects   (Wrong)   out of scope, as this is not mentioned in the passage

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7. The passage is most likely an excerpt from

A.  an academic paper  – Deals with research, innovations, advance solution, or technical details of field   (Wrong)  
  B. a biology textbook – Correct – Deals with basic information, for ease to understand to targeted audience highlights well with examples, no open to discussion topic to make readers confuse  
C.  a journal for optometrists    (Wrong)   Deals with a particular subject of only optometrists activity
D.  a wildlife field guide   (Wrong)   Wildlife is a big range, as particularly only about this passage, it is out of scope, as no information about wildlife is been discussed.
E.  a newspaper article about color blindness    (Wrong)  , colour blindness in passage, only highlights about honeybees, and honeybees no comparison is done with rest species mentioned in the passage.

VerbalBot · Answer

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While eyes with lenses have developed independently in a diverse group

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