Was thinking between B and D
I'll go for B. Here are my explanations.
B is correct and straight to the point + parallel in the sentence structure ("...
for modern optics and
for..."
A & E: "Being" are generally considered as wordy and redundant in GMAT (discovered this after doing loads of Qs in OG, Official Review, etc.)
C: "thereby laid the foundation" is wrong. Should be "laying"
D: "... was born in Iraq": adds ambiguity to the sentence. It may mean that the similarities are the location + year these ppl were born, which is not the original meaning of the sentence. Original meaning --> similarity is that science should be based on experiments and philosophy.
My 2-cents worth.