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23 Jun 2026, 09:20
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E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
53% (02:10) correct
47%
(02:11)
wrong
based on 125
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Historian: In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Swahili civilization of East Africa built tombs with large pillars and paneled facades. Such structures are widespread among the Oromo people of Somalia and Kenya, but are unknown among any other people with whom the Swahili civilization had contact. This indicates that Swahili culture was, to some extent, influenced by Oromo culture.
The historian's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A) fails to address adequately the possibility that the Oromo people did not use the structures as tombs
(B) concludes, simply because one event occurred earlier than another event, that the first event caused the second event
(C) draws a restricted conclusion from premises that provide strong support for a much broader conclusion
(D) takes for granted that there was no third civilization responsible for creating the first tombs of the kind found in both the Oromo and Swahili cultures
(E) takes for granted that the Oromo people began constructing tombs with large pillars and paneled facades earlier than the Swahili civilization did
The historian's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A) fails to address adequately the possibility that the Oromo people did not use the structures as tombs
(B) concludes, simply because one event occurred earlier than another event, that the first event caused the second event
(C) draws a restricted conclusion from premises that provide strong support for a much broader conclusion
(D) takes for granted that there was no third civilization responsible for creating the first tombs of the kind found in both the Oromo and Swahili cultures
(E) takes for granted that the Oromo people began constructing tombs with large pillars and paneled facades earlier than the Swahili civilization did
23 Jun 2026, 10:37
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Conclusion:
Swahili culture was influenced by Oromo culture.
Evidence:
Both cultures had tombs with large pillars and paneled facades.
No other neighboring culture had such tombs.
Gap:
The argument assumes Oromo had these tombs before the Swahili. Similarity alone does not establish the direction of influence.
A. Incorrect Whether Oromo used the structures as tombs is irrelevant. The argument is based on architectural similarity, not the purpose of the structures.
B. Incorrect This is not a cause-and-effect argument based on chronology. The author never says one event caused another because it happened earlier.
C. Incorrect The argument does not draw a narrow conclusion from broad evidence. If anything, it draws a directional influence conclusion from limited evidence.
D. Incorrect A third civilization could have originally created the tomb style, and Oromo could still have influenced Swahili. The conclusion does not require Oromo to be the original inventor.
E. Correct The argument assumes Oromo constructed these tombs before the Swahili. Without establishing that timing, we cannot conclude that influence went from Oromo to Swahili rather than the other way around.
Flaw Type: Similarity -> Influence. The author assumes the direction of influence without proving who had the characteristic first.
Swahili culture was influenced by Oromo culture.
Evidence:
Both cultures had tombs with large pillars and paneled facades.
No other neighboring culture had such tombs.
Gap:
The argument assumes Oromo had these tombs before the Swahili. Similarity alone does not establish the direction of influence.
A. Incorrect Whether Oromo used the structures as tombs is irrelevant. The argument is based on architectural similarity, not the purpose of the structures.
B. Incorrect This is not a cause-and-effect argument based on chronology. The author never says one event caused another because it happened earlier.
C. Incorrect The argument does not draw a narrow conclusion from broad evidence. If anything, it draws a directional influence conclusion from limited evidence.
D. Incorrect A third civilization could have originally created the tomb style, and Oromo could still have influenced Swahili. The conclusion does not require Oromo to be the original inventor.
E. Correct The argument assumes Oromo constructed these tombs before the Swahili. Without establishing that timing, we cannot conclude that influence went from Oromo to Swahili rather than the other way around.
Flaw Type: Similarity -> Influence. The author assumes the direction of influence without proving who had the characteristic first.
23 Jun 2026, 15:30
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Historian: In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Swahili civilization of East Africa built tombs with large pillars and paneled facades. Such structures are widespread among the Oromo people of Somalia and Kenya, but are unknown among any other people with whom the Swahili civilization had contact. This indicates that Swahili culture was, to some extent, influenced by Oromo culture.
The historian's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
The historian sees a structure common among the Oromo and also present among the Swahili, but absent among other peoples the Swahili contacted. From this, the historian concludes that the Swahili were influenced by the Oromo. The key flaw is that the argument assumes the Oromo had this architectural style before the Swahili did. Without that timing, the influence could have gone the other way.
(A) fails to address adequately the possibility that the Oromo people did not use the structures as tombs
This is not the main flaw. Even if the Oromo used similar structures for something other than tombs, the shared architectural form could still suggest influence.
(B) concludes, simply because one event occurred earlier than another event, that the first event caused the second event
This is incorrect. The argument does not establish that one event occurred earlier than another. In fact, the problem is that the timing is missing.
(C) draws a restricted conclusion from premises that provide strong support for a much broader conclusion
This is incorrect. The conclusion is already cautious: “to some extent” influenced. The problem is not that the conclusion is too narrow.
(D) takes for granted that there was no third civilization responsible for creating the first tombs of the kind found in both the Oromo and Swahili cultures
This is tempting, but less direct. The passage says the structures are unknown among any other people with whom the Swahili had contact, so a third-civilization explanation is less supported by the setup.
(E) takes for granted that the Oromo people began constructing tombs with large pillars and paneled facades earlier than the Swahili civilization did
This is correct. To conclude that Oromo culture influenced Swahili culture, the historian needs the Oromo version to have existed first. Otherwise, the Swahili might have influenced the Oromo, or both might have developed the structures independently.
Answer: (E)
The historian's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
The historian sees a structure common among the Oromo and also present among the Swahili, but absent among other peoples the Swahili contacted. From this, the historian concludes that the Swahili were influenced by the Oromo. The key flaw is that the argument assumes the Oromo had this architectural style before the Swahili did. Without that timing, the influence could have gone the other way.
(A) fails to address adequately the possibility that the Oromo people did not use the structures as tombs
This is not the main flaw. Even if the Oromo used similar structures for something other than tombs, the shared architectural form could still suggest influence.
(B) concludes, simply because one event occurred earlier than another event, that the first event caused the second event
This is incorrect. The argument does not establish that one event occurred earlier than another. In fact, the problem is that the timing is missing.
(C) draws a restricted conclusion from premises that provide strong support for a much broader conclusion
This is incorrect. The conclusion is already cautious: “to some extent” influenced. The problem is not that the conclusion is too narrow.
(D) takes for granted that there was no third civilization responsible for creating the first tombs of the kind found in both the Oromo and Swahili cultures
This is tempting, but less direct. The passage says the structures are unknown among any other people with whom the Swahili had contact, so a third-civilization explanation is less supported by the setup.
(E) takes for granted that the Oromo people began constructing tombs with large pillars and paneled facades earlier than the Swahili civilization did
This is correct. To conclude that Oromo culture influenced Swahili culture, the historian needs the Oromo version to have existed first. Otherwise, the Swahili might have influenced the Oromo, or both might have developed the structures independently.
Answer: (E)
