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Bunuel
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(A): There’s no evidence that skipping calcium would make insulin or albuterol dangerous.

(B): The passage never says what is done for mild or moderate cases.

(C): There’s no mention of needing to wait for calcium’s “full effect” before giving insulin.

Answer: (D) Not all treatments for hyperkalemia are intended to address the root cause of the condition.
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Hyperkalemia occurs when the body contains an excessive amount of potassium. In severe circumstances, hyperkalemia can lead to abnormal heart rhythms. Lowering potassium levels is essential to treating those who suffer from hyperkalemia. However, patients with severe hyperkalemia are initially given an injection of calcium, even though calcium does not lower the body’s potassium levels. Instead, the calcium protects the heart from the negative effects of excess potassium. Patients are then given doses of a medicine, such as insulin or albuterol, that help reduce potassium levels.

The information given, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?

(A) If an injection of calcium is not given first, medicines such as insulin or albuterol could exacerbate the conditions of severe hyperkalemia.

(B) Patients with mild to moderate hyperkalemia are not given calcium to protect their heart.

(C) Patients given calcium injections cannot be given insulin until the calcium has provided its full effect.

(D) Not all treatments for hyperkalemia are intended to address the root cause of the condition.

(E) Patients cannot reduce their potassium levels without a sufficient intake of calcium.


The question mentions about a medical condition- Hyperkalemia (HK) which occurs when the potassium levels ( K levels) are excessively high.

Severe HK will lead to abnormal heart rhythms. The treatment is usually associated to bring down the levels of K.

So , injection calcium ( Ca) is given initially. This injection doesn’t bring down the K levels. But, it protects the heart from the injuries associated with excessive K levels.

After that, patients are administered either insulin or albuterol to bring the levels of k to normal.

(A) If an injection of calcium is not given first, medicines such as insulin or albuterol could exacerbate the conditions of severe hyperkalemia.

Option A speaks about the sequence of administration of injections, and goes further to mention that Inj Ca is a precursor (mandatory step) before insulin or albuterol dose. Failure to comply with the process would have devastating effects on the patients, increasing the k levels. Hence, wrong.

(B) Patients with mild to moderate hyperkalemia are not given calcium to protect their heart.

The degree of HK is mentioned is only for severe HK, information about mild or moderate HK is not known. We cannot infer or conclude about the treatment process associated with mild or moderate HK. Hence, wrong.

(C) Patients given calcium injections cannot be given insulin until the calcium has provided its full effect.

The time taken for the medication to work to its fullest potential is not known. The question also doesn’t mention the time gap between these two injections, and we cannot infer anything about the effects of interaction between these does also. Hence, wrong.

(D) Not all treatments for hyperkalemia are intended to address the root cause of the condition.

Option D is the correct answer - as it mentions that ca injection doesn’t work to address the root cause, but helps to alleviate the pain or upcoming injuries associated with excessive k levels.

(E) Patients cannot reduce their potassium levels without a sufficient intake of calcium.

Option E is wrong, mentions K levels cannot be reduced without ca Intake. But, this is not true as insulin or Albetrol can reduce the k levels. Ca injections are given just to protect heart from injuries caused by excessive k levels. There can be cases, where Ca injection is not required and just insulin or albuterol can be sufficient.

Option D
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