I have a confusion in modifiers : the use of the -ing form

Question

I have a confusion in modifiers :
the use of the -ing form modifier COMPARED to the "that" form modifier

Look at the below question

Among lower- paid workers, union members are less likely than non union members to be enrolled in lower- end insurance plans  imposing  stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend less time with each.

Here what is preffered --> That imposes OR imposing

Also how different the meaninig of the above SC will become if there were a comma (,) just before  imposing

In that case will  imposing   will be modifying 'Insurance Plans' OR will it be the modifier for the complete phrase "union members are less likely than non union members to be enrolled in lower- end insurance plans "
I am gettinig confused in this , please help me out.

badgerboy · Answer

The following link has a pretty good explanation of modifiers, etc. Take a read -

https://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/post8323.html

vraptor · Answer

(D)

(A)  imposing  stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and spend
(B)  imposing  stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and spending
(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services,  require  doctors to see more patients, and spend
(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending
(E) that  impose  stricter limits on medical services,  requiring  doctors to see more patients and spending

I have a confusion in modifiers : the use of the -ing form

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