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27 Nov 2020, 12:34
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A space weather event can produce Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) that may be transmitted by effective conductors on the Earth’s surface such as the electric-power grid. When GICs enter the power grid, they act as direct current (DC) sources that flow alongside the normal alternating currents (AC) produced at power plants and transferred along power lines to electrical substations. Basic incompatibilities between DC and AC currents may interfere with the normal functioning and performance of Extra High Voltage (EHV) transformers. The interaction of GICs with these transformers can result in a number of physical effects that, if sufficiently large and not properly managed, may adversely impact the power system.
For example, GIC-transformer interactions can increase reactive power consumption, contributing to voltage instabilities and potentially leading to power outages. They can also generate harmonics that can disconnect parts of the grid by causing the improper operation of protective relay equipment (e.g. static compensators) and/or the tripping offline of generators. It is important to note that this impact pathway is the only one that has to-date been known to trigger space weather-related blackouts.
For example, GIC-transformer interactions can increase reactive power consumption, contributing to voltage instabilities and potentially leading to power outages. They can also generate harmonics that can disconnect parts of the grid by causing the improper operation of protective relay equipment (e.g. static compensators) and/or the tripping offline of generators. It is important to note that this impact pathway is the only one that has to-date been known to trigger space weather-related blackouts.
Emergency procedures are potentially necessary for both moderate and extreme space weather events.: No
The standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers.: Yes
Catastrophic grid failure has not been an observed consequence of extreme space weather events.: Yes
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For each of the following, select \(Yes\) if it is a statement that can be reasonably inferred from the information in tabs 1 and 2. Otherwise, select \(No\).
| Yes | No | |
| Emergency procedures are potentially necessary for both moderate and extreme space weather events. | ||
| The standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers. | ||
| Catastrophic grid failure has not been an observed consequence of extreme space weather events. |
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Official Answer
Emergency procedures are potentially necessary for both moderate and extreme space weather events.: No
The standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers.: Yes
Catastrophic grid failure has not been an observed consequence of extreme space weather events.: Yes
27 Nov 2020, 12:34
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Official Solution:
According to tab 2, items in the matrix reflect example impacts for moderate (normal text) and extreme (italic text) storms. Emergency procedures are always listed in italics indicating extreme storm application only.
According to tab 1, "a space weather event can produce Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) that may be transmitted by effective conductors on the Earth’s surface such as the electric-power grid. When GICs enter the power grid, they act as direct current (DC) sources that flow alongside the normal alternating currents (AC) produced at power plants and transferred along power lines to electrical substations," which implies that the standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers.
According to tab 2, catastrophic grid failure has only been predicted as a service interruptions for transformer heating, and according to tab 3 there is an open circle for transformer heating service interruptions which indicates that a given physical effect may cause a particular category of societal impact but lacks empirical support.
Correct answer:
Emergency procedures are potentially necessary for both moderate and extreme space weather events. "No"
The standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers. "Yes"
Catastrophic grid failure has not been an observed consequence of extreme space weather events. "Yes"
TetyanaRokobit
For each of the following, select \(Yes\) if it is a statement that can be reasonably inferred from the information in tabs 1 and 2. Otherwise, select \(No\).
| Yes | No | |
| Emergency procedures are potentially necessary for both moderate and extreme space weather events. | ||
| The standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers. | ||
| Catastrophic grid failure has not been an observed consequence of extreme space weather events. |
According to tab 2, items in the matrix reflect example impacts for moderate (normal text) and extreme (italic text) storms. Emergency procedures are always listed in italics indicating extreme storm application only.
According to tab 1, "a space weather event can produce Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) that may be transmitted by effective conductors on the Earth’s surface such as the electric-power grid. When GICs enter the power grid, they act as direct current (DC) sources that flow alongside the normal alternating currents (AC) produced at power plants and transferred along power lines to electrical substations," which implies that the standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers.
According to tab 2, catastrophic grid failure has only been predicted as a service interruptions for transformer heating, and according to tab 3 there is an open circle for transformer heating service interruptions which indicates that a given physical effect may cause a particular category of societal impact but lacks empirical support.
Correct answer:
Emergency procedures are potentially necessary for both moderate and extreme space weather events. "No"
The standard electric-power grid is capable of transferring direct currents and alternating currents simultaneously to Extra High Voltage transformers. "Yes"
Catastrophic grid failure has not been an observed consequence of extreme space weather events. "Yes"
27 Mar 2024, 04:56
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I don't agree with the explanation. The task C) explains in its solution that, given by tab 3, it is not observed. But the tasks states that we should "select Yes if the statement can be reasonably inferred from the information in tabs 1 and 2", which means that the answer to task C) should be "No", since it can not be inferred by the tab 1 and 2 alone.
Please correct me, if I missed something.
Please correct me, if I missed something.
