Management styles are one of the important factors that affect

Question

Management styles are one of the important factors that affect organizational effectiveness. A good match between the style of management and operating realities of an organization substantially influences the organization’s level of effectiveness.

Culpan and Kucukemirogula developed a model to study how managers practice different management styles. The model of these scholars consisted of six managerial dimensions for comparing management practices – supervisory style, decision-making, communication patterns, control mechanism, interdepartmental relations, and paternalistic orientation. The scholars further attempted to establish a link between management style and organizational effectiveness by comparing United States and Japanese management systems. The study found that the American managers underscored supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism while the Japanese were concerned more with communication patterns, interdepartmental relationships, and paternalistic approach.

Critiques of Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s work do not regard it as statistically convincing. However, the novelty of the idea of measuring managerial behavior across a range of dimensions paved the way for more research into the dynamics of managerial style and organizational performance. A breakthrough was made when Luthans articulated that employees perceive the behavior and actions of managers as actions of the organization itself. His research of 69 organizations was the first data-backed evidence to show that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations, if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team. Pathack followed with his study of 133 organizations of all sizes, and affirmed that there was a 72% correlation between management style and the effectiveness of organizations, as judged from various quantified parameters.   1 
 1. Which of the following does the passage mention regarding United States and Japanese management systems?

A. The two management systems generally focus on different managerial styles.
B. The two management systems operate under different operating realities. 
C. The two management systems are better suited for organizations in their respective countries than for other organizations.
D. The United States system helps organizations make better decisions than does the Japanese system.
E. Elements of the two management systems can be combined to form a more effective management system.

2 
 2. The author of the passage commends Luthans's research for which of the following?

A. It accurately articulated the importance of the actions of managers. 
B. It was the first to offer statistical credibility to the link between managerial style and employee attitude.
C. It enabled Pathack's study to affirm the correlation between management style and the effectiveness of organizations.
D. It proved that employees can develop a positive attitude towards their organizations.
E. It emphasized the importance of supervisory style, communication patterns, and paternalistic orientation.

3 
 3. According to the author, which of the following is true of managerial styles?

A. Practical aspects of an organization’s operations determine which management style would have the most influence on the organization’s effectiveness.
B. Emphasis on supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism makes American organizations efficient.
C. Paternalistic orientation allows managers to develop employees' positive attitude towards their organizations.
D. Efficient management style is the most crucial element that drives an organization's performance.
E. Different models to study different management styles show different influences on the level of organizational effectiveness.

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vasu1104 · Answer

passage 1= introduction on the relation between management tyle and organnizational effectiveness. 
 passage 2=two people created model on how managers practice different management practices. 
 passage 3= critics were not convinced statistically. but luthans came up with the study between employees behaviour and managers behavior. pathack came up with the study that links management styles and effectiveness of organizations.

Que 1.  C,D,E are easy to eliminate. because we cant say how the combination will work. we also dont know who makes better decision because no such comparison has been given in the stem. we also dont whether their style is suited only for themselves than for other. 
 A does the job. because we know they follow different style .

Que 2. we know luthan did study between employees positive attitude and managers actions. but what made this unique was it gave the breakthrough that was needed to bridge the gap between management style and organization effectiveness. 
 
A we dont know whether it clearaly articulated managers actions. what we know is relation between employee and managers actions. toss it out.
B yes, it clearly sums up the above mentioned stuff. it was indeed first to offer statistical credibility. 
C it didnt allow pathacks to affirm his study.
D no he was not proving that employee can develop positive attitude.
E out of scope
 
 Que 3.

A passage 1 states the same thing. so keep it.
B we dont know this. what we know is that currently these 3 are being underscore by american management. toss it out.
C nothing has been said about paternalistic orientstion and how managers can use it to develop positive employee attitude.
D most crucial is too extreme. so toss it our.
E we are just introduced on how america and japan does on those model. other than that nothing has been said about influence on the effectiveness

ExpertsGlobal5 · Answer

Mind-map   
  
  To suggest that management style positively influences organizational effectiveness (Paragraph 1)  
  To describe a model developed to study different management styles (Paragraph 2)  
  To mention two data-backed studies confirming the influence of managerial style (Paragraph 3)  
=================

1.   Which of the following does the passage mention regarding United States and Japanese management systems?

a.     The two management systems generally focus on different managerial styles.  
 b.   The two management systems operate under different operating realities.  
 c.   The two management systems are better suited for organizations in their respective countries than for other organizations. 
 d.   The United States system helps organizations make better decisions than does the Japanese system. 
 e.   Elements of the two management systems can be combined to form a more effective management system.

Question Type: Fact

Explanation:

The second paragraph details the United States and Japanese management systems. Each answer choice needs to be carefully evaluated in light of the information presented in the passage.

A.  Correct.  The second paragraph mentions that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s model consisted of “six managerial dimensions” and “found that   the American managers underscored   supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism   while the Japanese were concerned more with   communication patterns, interdepartmental relationships, and paternalistic approach”; the passage states that the United States and Japanese management systems generally focus on different managerial style, as the answer choice mentions.

B. Trap. The second paragraph mentions that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s model consisted of “six managerial dimensions” and “found that the American managers underscored supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism while the Japanese were concerned more with communication patterns, interdepartmental relationships, and paternalistic approach”; although it can be inferred that the United States and Japanese management systems generally focus on different managerial styles,   the passage makes no suggestion that the two management systems operate under different operating realities  . The first paragraph mentions that “A good match between the style of management and operating realities of an organization substantially influences the organization’s level of effectiveness”; however, this reference does not relate to the discussion on the United States and Japanese management systems; so, it is incorrect to infer that the two management systems operate under different operating realities. Incorrect.

C. The second paragraph mentions that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s model consisted of “six managerial dimensions” and “found that the American managers underscored supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism while the Japanese were concerned more with communication patterns, interdepartmental relationships, and paternalistic approach”; however,   the passage makes no suggestion about the suitability of the two management systems for organizations from specific counties   .  Incorrect.

D. Trap. The second paragraph mentions that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s model consisted of “six managerial dimensions” and “found that the American managers underscored supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism while the Japanese were concerned more with communication patterns, interdepartmental relationships, and paternalistic approach”;   the passage makes no reference to how rigidly the hierarchical structure of an organization is followed under the two management systems  . Furthermore,   there is no comparison, on any aspect, made between the two managerial systems  . Some students may incorrectly infer that “supervisory style” and “control mechanism” suggest “rigidity of hierarchical structure”, but such an inference is not supported by the passage. Incorrect.

E. Trap. The second paragraph mentions that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s model consisted of “six managerial dimensions” and “found that the American managers underscored supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism while the Japanese were concerned more with communication patterns, interdepartmental relationships, and paternalistic approach”; the passage makes no suggestion that the two systems cannot be used together and it can be inferred that elements of the two management systems can be combined; however,   the passage makes no suggestion that doing so would form a “more effective management system”  , as the answer choice mentions. Incorrect.

A is the best choice.

= = = = = = = = = =  
   2.   The author of the passage commends Luthans's research for which of the following?

a.   It accurately articulated the importance of the actions of managers.  
 b.    It was the first to offer statistical credibility to the link between managerial style and employee attitude.  
 c.   It enabled Pathack's study to affirm the correlation between management style and the effectiveness of organizations. 
 d.   It proved that employees can develop a positive attitude towards their organizations. 
 e.   It emphasized the importance of supervisory style, communication patterns, and paternalistic orientation.

Question Type:    Inference

Explanation:

The third paragraph states that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s research was not “statistically convincing” and that “A breakthrough was made when Luthans articulated that employees perceive the behavior and actions of managers as actions of the organization itself. His research of 69 organizations was the first data-backed evidence to show that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team”; it can be inferred that the author regards Luthans’s research as a “breakthrough” because it offered “the first data-backed evidence” of the influence of managerial style. The answer choice that does justice to this idea is the correct answer choice.

A. Trap. The third paragraph states that “Luthans articulated that employees perceive the behavior and actions of managers as actions of the organization itself” and “His research of 69 organizations was the first data-backed evidence to show that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team”; although it true that Luthans‘s research accurately articulated the importance of the actions of managers,   the passage doesn’t commend Luthans's research for accurate articulation  . Furthermore, the third paragraph states that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s research was not “statistically convincing”, and Luthans’s research was a “breakthrough” because it offered “the first data-backed evidence” of the influence of managerial style. Incorrect.

B.  Correct.  The third paragraph states that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s research was not “statistically convincing” and that “A breakthrough was made when Luthans articulated that employees perceive the behavior and actions of managers as actions of the organization itself. His research of 69 organizations was the first data-backed evidence to show that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team”; it can be inferred that   the author regards Luthans’s research as a “breakthrough” because it offered “the first data-backed evidence” of the influence of managerial style  ; in other words, the author regards Luthans’s research as a “breakthrough” because it was the first to offer statistical credibility to the link between managerial style and employee attitude, as the answer choice mentions.

C. Trap. The passage states that Luthans’s research was “the first data-backed evidence” and that “Pathack followed with his study of 133 organizations of all sizes”; although the passage suggests that both studies were data-backed and showed similar results,   the passage doesn’t suggest whether Pathack’s study was developed on Luthans’s research  ; so, it cannot be inferred that Luthan’s research “enabled” Pathack's study. Incorrect.

D. The third paragraph states that “Luthans articulated that employees perceive the behavior and actions of managers as actions of the organization itself” and “His research of 69 organizations was the first data-backed evidence to show that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team”; although it is true that Luthans‘s research showed that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations,   the passage doesn’t commend Luthans's research for “proving that employees can show a positive attitude towards organizations”  . Furthermore, the third paragraph states that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s research was not “statistically convincing”, and Luthans’s research was a “breakthrough” because it offered “the first data-backed evidence” of the influence of managerial style. Incorrect.

E. The third paragraph states that “Luthans articulated that employees perceive the behavior and actions of managers as actions of the organization itself” and “His research of 69 organizations was the first data-backed evidence to show that employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team”;   Luthans’s research does not relate to supervisory style, communication patterns, and paternalistic orientation  , all of which are part of Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s research discussed in the second paragraph. Incorrect.

B is the best choice.   
  
  = = = = = = = = = =  
  3.   According to the author, which of the following is true of managerial styles?

a. Practical aspects of an organization’s operations determine which management style would have the most influence on the organization’s effectiveness. 
b. Emphasis on supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism makes American organizations efficient.
c. Paternalistic orientation allows managers to develop employees' positive attitude towards their organizations.
d. Efficient management style is the most crucial element that drives an organization's performance.
e. Different models to study different management styles show different influences on the level of organizational effectiveness.

Question Type: Fact

Explanation:

Each answer choice needs to be carefully evaluated in light of the information presented in the passage.

A.  Correct.  The first paragraph mentions that “A good match between the style of management and operating realities of an organization substantially influences the organization’s level of effectiveness”; the passage suggests that   “the style of management” needs to match “operating realities of an organization”   and when the two match, there is a positive influence on “the organization’s level of effectiveness”; in other words, practical aspects of an organization’s operations determine which management style would have the most influence on the organization’s effectiveness, as the answer choice suggests.

B. Trap. The second paragraph mentions that Culpan’s and Kucukemirogula’s research “found that the American managers underscored supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism”; the passage states that emphasis on supervisory style, decision-making, and control mechanism characterize American managers; however,   there is no mention that these characteristics make American organizations “efficient”  . Because the passage doesn’t suggest that the statement in this answer choice is true, the answer choice is incorrect.

C. The third paragraph mentions that Luthans’s research provided evidence that “employees developed a positive attitude towards their organizations if the actions of their managers emphasized that the employees were part of a team”;   there is no mention of “paternalistic orientation” during the discussion  . Moreover, the second paragraph states that “paternalistic orientation” is one of the “six managerial dimensions for comparing management practices” and that the Japanese management system focuses on “paternalistic approach”; this discussion does not relate to the development of employees' positive attitude towards their organizations. Because the passage doesn’t suggest that the statement in this answer choice is true, the answer choice is incorrect.

D. The first paragraph mentions that “Management styles are one of the important factors that affect organizational effectiveness”; the passage suggests that   efficient management style is “one of the important factors”, not “the most crucial element”, that drives an organization's performance  . Because the passage doesn’t suggest that the statement in this answer choice is true, the answer choice is incorrect.

E. The second paragraph mentions that “Culpan and Kucukemirogula developed a model to study how managers practice different management styles”; there is only one model discussed in the passage, so it cannot be established that different models to study different management styles show different influences on the level of organizational effectiveness, as the answer choice mentions. Because the passage doesn’t suggest that the statement in this answer choice is true, the answer choice is incorrect.

A is the best choice.

Management styles are one of the important factors that affect

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Management styles are one of the important factors that affect

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