My answer is
(D). It took me 02:18.
(A) "are" does not agree with the subject "Mining" (Singular).
(B) Where is "there"? I guess it is "Jamaica". But it is just a guess. "Jamaican bat" may refer to one species of bat that settles elsewhere these days. Besides, the name "Jamaica" never shows up earlier.
Also, "there / on the island" modifies "biodiversity’s diminishment / diminishment of biodiversity", so we should add "the" before "biodiversity’s diminishment / diminishment of biodiversity".
I spent quite a bit of time on (B).
(C) See (A)
(D) It eliminates issues identified in (B). Still, we can be a stickler and ask "which island"? The island was never mentioned earlier.
(E) While I dismissed (E) almost instantly, the only difference between (D) and (E) is between "extremely harmful to " and "extremely full of harm". What's wrong with "extremely full of harm"?
One consideration is redundancy: "Full of harm" means "Of extreme harm". No need to add "extremely".
Another consideration is the placement of extremely. It should modify "harm(ful)", not "full".