Most bacterial populations grown in controlled conditions will quickly

Stonely
It is the same. 'A' merely has a typo. In the future, press the 'Report a Problem' button and ask the mods to fix

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Most bacterial populations grown in controlled conditions will quickly expand to the limit of the food supply, produced toxic waste products that inhibit further growth, and reached an equilibrium state within a relatively short time.

(A) produced toxic waste products that inhibit further growth, and reached an equilibrium state within a relatively short time.
expand...produced....and reached
Expand ends in a D, but it is not a past participle. It is simple future tense with will...expand. The will carries over to the others, but is not shown because of ellipsis.

Since expand is not underlined, the others must follow

simple future+ will past participle+ will past participle (x)

(B) will have produced toxic waste products that inhibit further growth and also will reach an equilibrium state within a relatively short time.
expand...produced....and will reach
Simple future+will past participle+ simple future (with will unnecessary added again into the list) (x)

(C) will then produce a toxic waste product that inhibits further growth and thus reached an equilibrium state in a very short time.
will expand...will produce...and...reached
simple future + will simple future + 'no will' past participle


(D) produce toxic waste products that inhibit further growth, and reach equilibrium.
(E) produce toxic waste products that inhibit further growth, and reach an equilibrium state in a fairly prompt way.
expand...produce...reach. Nice parallelism
The quickly carries through to each verb, just as will does. quickly...in a fairly prompt way is redundant

D