On the plains where it lives, an individual zebra stands out because of its black-and-white stripes, which contrast with the green or brown of the surrounding vegetation. Yet zebras are a prey species, and the lions that hunt them can see stripes clearly. It seems surprising that zebras would survive with such vivid markings.
Which one of the following, if true, most adequately resolves the problem raised above?The puzzle is that zebra stripes seem to make individual zebras easy for lions to see. To resolve this, we need a reason why the stripes are not actually harmful, or why they may even help zebras avoid being caught.
The best answer explains that stripes help when zebras move as a group, even if they make one zebra stand out when viewed alone.
(A) Because the vegetation on the open plains changes from green to brown as the season changes from wet to dry, true camouflage coloring for a prey species would have to change according to the seasons.
This explains why perfect camouflage might be difficult, but it does not explain why zebras would have highly visible black-and-white stripes.
(B) Zebras are able to judge from the demeanor of lions they see in the vicinity whether or not those lions are preparing to hunt, and the zebras ignore the lions that are not.
This may explain how zebras respond to lions, but it does not explain why visible stripes are not a disadvantage.
(C) Lions that hunt zebras are themselves colored in a way that blends in with the brown color of dry vegetation, so that in the dry season, when prey is scarce, the lions can creep up on their prey to within a distance from which the lions have a favorable chance of succeeding in the hunt.
This makes the puzzle worse or irrelevant. It explains why lions can hunt effectively, not why zebra stripes help zebras survive.
(D) When lions hunt, the whole pride shares in the food obtained when a prey animal is successfully brought down by one of the hunting lions.
This says nothing about zebra stripes or visibility.
(E) When zebras run in a group, as they generally do in response to danger, the stripe markings make it difficult for a predator pursuing a single individual to discern its outline.
This is correct. The stripes may make one zebra visible when standing alone, but when zebras run together, the stripes can confuse a predator and make it harder to focus on one individual. That resolves the apparent
survival problem.
Answer: (E)