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How have we rejected A - if the reduction in the number of patients who rejected the prosthetics can be attributed to people not reporting the symptom consistent with rejection , it shows that the 10% reduction is actually inflated - this weakening the evidence
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Summarizing what the question is asking - we essentially need to weaken the link between the new design and reductions in absolute number of rejections.

A Further examination of the medical trial showed that the reduction in the number of patients whose bodies rejected the prosthetic could be wholly attributed to a reduction in the number of patients who reported symptoms consistent with the rejection.

Great, we know number of patients complaining reduced. Is it because of the new design or something else? Who knows?
REJECT

B The initial goal of the redesign project was to reduce the number of patients whose bodies rejected the prosthetic by at least thirty percent.

Who cares about the original goal? Even if we failed by the original goal's metric, there is still a reduction
REJECT

C Although some experts have been arguing that the materials used in the company’s prosthetic hips are outdated and must be replaced, the new design does not make any changes in the materials used to build the prosthetics.


Material hasn't changed. Yet we see a reduction in percentage of rejections. This doesn't help
REJECT

D Since the new prosthetic hip design differs from the original only in the way its components are organized, the cost of the materials used in the prosthetic remains unchanged between designs.

Ok it costs the same , so what? This doesn't talk about effectiveness
REJECT

E During the trials, two thirds of the patients on whose bodies the newly designed prosthetics were implemented were younger than forty years, the age at which the human body’s acceptance of foreign objects begins declining.


Aha. If we use mostly young people whose bodies don't complain, that could potentially be the reason we see reductions. It doesn't necessarily need to be the cause but it does leave some doubt on whether the design actually helped.
ACCEPT


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Hi shloka30,

Your instinct is sharp, and the reading you're giving A would absolutely weaken the argument. The catch is that A doesn't actually say what you're reading into it.

Where it goes off track: you're treating A as "patients were still rejecting the prosthetic, they just stopped reporting it." That version would mean the 10% drop is fake - a real weakener. But read A literally: it says the reduction can be wholly attributed to a reduction in patients who reported symptoms consistent with rejection. It never tells us those patients were actually rejecting and hiding it. "Reported symptoms of rejection" is just how rejection was being measured here - so A is essentially restating the same result, not exposing a hidden cause.

For a weaken question, you need an alternative reason the rejection rate fell that has nothing to do with the design. A doesn't give one; it leaves the design as the explanation.

Now look at E: two-thirds of the trial patients were under 40 - the age below which the body accepts foreign objects more readily. That's the alternative cause: the drop could come from a younger patient pool, not the new design. The conclusion ("the design did it") takes the hit.

Quick test of the trap: what if A had said "...attributed to patients who rejected the prosthetic but did not report it"? Then it would weaken. See how one added phrase - the one you supplied in your head - is what flips it? Staying strict about what a choice literally states is the skill here.

Answer: E

shloka30
How have we rejected A - if the reduction in the number of patients who rejected the prosthetics can be attributed to people not reporting the symptom consistent with rejection , it shows that the 10% reduction is actually inflated - this weakening the evidence
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A medical technology company recently developed an altered design for the prosthetic hip that it produces. The intention behind the development of the new design was to reduce the number of patients whose bodies rejected the prosthetic. The medical trial of the new prosthetic hip showed a ten percent reduction in the number of patients whose bodies rejected the prosthetic. The project managers concluded that the new design did reduce the instance of prosthetic rejection.

Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the project managers' conclusion?

A. Further examination of the medical trial showed that the reduction in the number of patients whose bodies rejected the prosthetic could be wholly attributed to a reduction in the number of patients who reported symptoms consistent with the rejection.
B. The initial goal of the redesign project was to reduce the number of patients whose bodies rejected the prosthetic by at least thirty percent.
C. Although some experts have been arguing that the materials used in the company’s prosthetic hips are outdated and must be replaced, the new design does not make any changes in the materials used to build the prosthetics.
D. Since the new prosthetic hip design differs from the original only in the way its components are organized, the cost of the materials used in the prosthetic remains unchanged between designs.
E. During the trials, two thirds of the patients on whose bodies the newly designed prosthetics were implemented were younger than forty years, the age at which the human body’s acceptance of foreign objects begins declining.
E is the best choice.

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