Questions 5 & 8
TheRzS wrote:
Firstly, a generic question.
To answer specific question, should I read the 5 choices first? or should I read the relevant part on the passage first and then read A to E?
After reading the passage for structure and purpose (more on that general concept
here), you should read the question carefully to understand precisely what you’re being asked to do. Then reference the passage as needed to formulate your answer to that question. Then go from A to E, using process of elimination to identify FOUR wrong answers. You'll be left with one correct answer.
TheRzS wrote:
Now, a specific question about this passage.
If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated. CORRECT, I guess?
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified. - OUT, since the Q mentions "other than bacteria"
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three. - OUT, since passage clearly mentions "three stems in the tree of life"
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes - OUT, since the Q mentions "other than bacteria"
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria. OUT, since the Q mentions "other than bacteria"
This questions asks us to apply our understanding of “new techniques” to other studies. We can’t really do this without being confident in our understanding of why “new techniques” are discussed in this passage, so let’s confirm that understanding first.
The author mentions these “new techniques” because these techniques have enabled researchers to produce new information about the evolution of living things:
- the degree to which organisms are related
- the time since organisms diverged from a common ancestor
- the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes
As a result of using these techniques on true bacteria and eukaryotes, researchers have defined a new evolutionary branch in the tree of life, referred to as “archaebacteria.” Therefore, if we apply these techniques to another biological classification, we expect to learn something new regarding these indicators of ancestry, which would then make us rethink the classification.
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The only way to get to A , it seems, is POE, since I cannot base the inference on something solid - something tangible.
We want to use process of elimination every time we tackle a GMAT question, so let’s get to it!
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(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.
This fits our understanding of the new techniques and why the author brings them up. If the techniques are used to study other classifications, we could expect them to challenge some of those classifications just as they have challenged the two-branch “tree of life.” While the existing model hasn’t been totally disrupted (the author writes that “much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research”), re-evaluation of that model is necessary to make sense of the new evidence. Let’s keep (A) unless we see an even better answer choice.
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(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified.
This choice goes overboard in its language. Did the new techniques lead to
many species of bacteria to be
reclassified? No. The author’s language not this strong in degree, so let’s eliminate (B).
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(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.
This choice makes a very specific claim about the number of branches of life, but the significance of these new techniques is
not that they increase the number of categories of living things. The author’s point is that these new techniques make us rethink evolutionary ancestry, which in turn makes us rethink existing classifications more broadly. Eliminate (C).
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(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes
There’s nothing in the passage to suggest that new techniques change our measurement of how old true bacteria and eukaryotes are. Eliminate (D).
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(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.
The passage states that archaebacteria “represent
a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.” These techniques have already shown us that archaebacteria are on a branch distinct from the common ancestor of true bacteria, so eliminate (E).
Choice (A) remains our best option.
pikolo2510 wrote:
Can you help to explain the last question of the RC?
pikolo2510, I think
Masterscorp did a nice job of addressing your question, but I'm having fun with this one, so... I'll pile on, too.
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8. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of:
Before analyzing answer choices, let’s review our understanding of the author’s point of view.
- The author spends paragraph 1 spelling out the two-branch model of our “tree of life,” recounting various types of evidence to show why this picture has been largely accepted.
- The author spends paragraph 2 describing a new development, noting that the two-branch mode “seems fundamentally wrong in one respect.” When discussing how new techniques have challenged the previous classifications, the author states that “it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life,” and that new “techniques have strongly suggested that archaebacteria...represent a distinct evolutionary branch.”
The author definitely agrees with the new research, but the language being used by the author is very measured. To write that new techniques “strongly suggest” a conclusion is to write from a somewhat tentative position, because “suggest” is not as definitive as “prove” or “confirm.” So we’re looking for the answer choice that mostly closely fits this tentative level of agreement.
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(A) tentative acceptance
This fits the level of agreement with the new research that we’re looking for! Let’s keep (A) around unless we find something better.
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(B) mild skepticism
The author is definitely not skeptical. Eliminate (B).
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(C) limited denial
The author is definitely not denying the claim. Eliminate (C).
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(D) studious criticism
The author is definitely not criticizing the claim. Eliminate (D).
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(E) whole hearted endorsement
pikolo2510 wrote:
I went for E because of the below lines
These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
I author is not tentative to accept the new approach, rather is he is strongly pushing(positive) for the new approach. Hence I went for E.
can you share your thoughts?
Analyzing choice (E) on its own merit, “whole hearted” is simply too strong to match the language used by the author. If the author were making a whole hearted endorsement, phrases like “seems fundamentally wrong” and “it now appears” would be replaced by phrases like “is surely and fundamentally wrong” and “it is now proven beyond a doubt.”
Even stating that the techniques “strongly suggest” the existence of a third branch is not extreme enough to match the degree of a “whole hearted” endorsement. Something along the lines of “definitively confirm” would be a better fit, but we don’t see this in the author’s language.
Consequently, we eliminate (E) and keep (A) as the correct choice.
I hope this gigantic word salad helps!