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26 Oct 2021, 09:36
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E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
73% (01:55) correct
27%
(02:36)
wrong
based on 217
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Science is based on openness as researchers communicate their findings at conferences and release them publicly in scientific journals. But there is a limit to the degree of sharing that goes on amongst academic scientists. So while academic scientists are ideologically supportive of openness, they also practice secrecy. Industry sponsorship further impedes the broad dissemination of scientific ideas. This could impede the development of science and scientific knowledge.
Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken most seriously the prediction of scientific secrecy described above?
A. Scientific research funded by industry has reached some conclusions that are of major scientific importance.
B. When scientific research and findings are kept secret, independent researchers are unable to build on those results.
C. Industry sponsorship of research is only in certain areas, the financial support of research by industry distorts the research agenda.
D. Industry sponsored research is sometimes devoted to problems that are of fundamental scientific importance.
E. To enhance their standing and respect in the scientific community, the industries that sponsor research encourage employees to publish their results.
Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken most seriously the prediction of scientific secrecy described above?
A. Scientific research funded by industry has reached some conclusions that are of major scientific importance.
B. When scientific research and findings are kept secret, independent researchers are unable to build on those results.
C. Industry sponsorship of research is only in certain areas, the financial support of research by industry distorts the research agenda.
D. Industry sponsored research is sometimes devoted to problems that are of fundamental scientific importance.
E. To enhance their standing and respect in the scientific community, the industries that sponsor research encourage employees to publish their results.
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26 Oct 2021, 11:19
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(E) I took 1:19 mins.
Conclusion states that the funding by industries is bad and that the secrecy will impede scientific growth. Well (E) refutes that by pointing out to opposite direction.
Thus, the right choice.
Conclusion states that the funding by industries is bad and that the secrecy will impede scientific growth. Well (E) refutes that by pointing out to opposite direction.
Thus, the right choice.
08 Jan 2022, 11:37
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Here is the OE
Solution:
Step 1 – Analysing the stimulus and question stem
Science is based on openness as researchers communicate their findings at conferences and release them publicly in scientific journals.
The basis of science is openness.
This is seen in the fact that researchers share their findings at public forums.
However, there is a limit to the degree of sharing that goes on amongst academic scientists.
But, this openness and sharing is limited among academic scientists
So while academic scientists are ideologically supportive of openness, they also practice secrecy. Industry sponsorship further impedes the broad dissemination of scientific ideas. This could impede the development of science and scientific knowledge.
On one hand the academic scientists believe in and support openness.
On the other, they are also secretive – they are not open about everything
Further blocking the wide sharing of scientific ideas is industry funding/sponsorship.
This could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge.
The question stem
Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken most seriously the prediction of scientific secrecy described above?
From the question we can take the conclusion to be the “prediction” regarding “scientific theory”- what is this prediction? The only prediction in the passage is in the last sentence.
That industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas:
We have to weaken the above prediction – the scope of the argument would be any information that shows that industry sponsorship would not hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge.
Step 2 – Pre-thinking
1. The author concludes that industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas.
a. The basis for such a prediction is that academic scientists also practice secrecy and industry finding furthers such secrecy.
2. Missing link:
a. The passage does not give any details about how the industry funding/ sponsorship works – that is we do not know when, why and how industries sponsor the development of science and scientific knowledge
b. What if we were to show that industry funding actually requires academic scientists to be more open than they would otherwise be?
c. Weakener#1: Say, the industries sponsor scientific research in the hope of results that will be made public and will popularize the name of the industry sponsoring such research.
i. Such information would weaken the conclusion that industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas.
d. Weakener#2: In areas of scientific research where there is no industry sponsoring, very few results are published in public journals.
A. Scientific research funded by industry has reached some conclusions that are of major scientific importance.
Option A Feedback:
This choice just says that some conclusions of scientific importance have been reached- whether those conclusions have been made open is not known. Thus this choice neither supports nor weakens the prediction. Thus, this choice is mostly out of scope.
Incorrect Choice.
B. When scientific research and findings are kept secret, independent researchers are unable to build on those results.
Option B Feedback:
This choice talks about what would happen IF/WHEN the prediction comes true. This choice if anything strengthens the conclusion that lack of openness can lead to adverse effects.
There is another way to look at this choice. This choice does not talk about the role of industry sponsorship in the secrecy and thus, has no impact on the conclusion. In that sense, this choice is out of scope.
Incorrect Choice.
C. Industry sponsorship of research is only in certain areas, the financial support of research by industry distorts the research agenda.
Option C Feedback:
This choice strengthens the conclusion by suggesting that funding by industry deviates the purpose/motive/agenda of scientific research.
Incorrect Choice.
D. Industry sponsored research is sometimes devoted to problems that are of fundamental scientific importance.
Option D Feedback:
The conclusion is : industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas
This choice tells us in what way industry sponsored research helps to further scientific development. However, this choice does not address the issue of industry sponsorship blocking the sharing of ideas. Just because industry sponsored research is devoted to problems of scientific importance does not mean that the researchers DO NOT PRCATICE SECRECY. It is quite possible that the outcomes of such research are kept secret or are only partially disseminated. This choice is therefore out of scope.
Incorrect Choice.
E. To enhance their standing and respect in the scientific community, the industries that sponsor research encourage employees to publish their results.
Option E Feedback:
This choice shows that industry sponsorship actually helps to increase openness. Thus, this choice is the correct weakener. This choice tells us why industries sponsor research and how it is in their interests to further openness.
Correct Choice.
Solution:
Step 1 – Analysing the stimulus and question stem
Science is based on openness as researchers communicate their findings at conferences and release them publicly in scientific journals.
The basis of science is openness.
This is seen in the fact that researchers share their findings at public forums.
However, there is a limit to the degree of sharing that goes on amongst academic scientists.
But, this openness and sharing is limited among academic scientists
So while academic scientists are ideologically supportive of openness, they also practice secrecy. Industry sponsorship further impedes the broad dissemination of scientific ideas. This could impede the development of science and scientific knowledge.
On one hand the academic scientists believe in and support openness.
On the other, they are also secretive – they are not open about everything
Further blocking the wide sharing of scientific ideas is industry funding/sponsorship.
This could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge.
The question stem
Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken most seriously the prediction of scientific secrecy described above?
From the question we can take the conclusion to be the “prediction” regarding “scientific theory”- what is this prediction? The only prediction in the passage is in the last sentence.
That industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas:
We have to weaken the above prediction – the scope of the argument would be any information that shows that industry sponsorship would not hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge.
Step 2 – Pre-thinking
1. The author concludes that industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas.
a. The basis for such a prediction is that academic scientists also practice secrecy and industry finding furthers such secrecy.
2. Missing link:
a. The passage does not give any details about how the industry funding/ sponsorship works – that is we do not know when, why and how industries sponsor the development of science and scientific knowledge
b. What if we were to show that industry funding actually requires academic scientists to be more open than they would otherwise be?
c. Weakener#1: Say, the industries sponsor scientific research in the hope of results that will be made public and will popularize the name of the industry sponsoring such research.
i. Such information would weaken the conclusion that industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas.
d. Weakener#2: In areas of scientific research where there is no industry sponsoring, very few results are published in public journals.
A. Scientific research funded by industry has reached some conclusions that are of major scientific importance.
Option A Feedback:
This choice just says that some conclusions of scientific importance have been reached- whether those conclusions have been made open is not known. Thus this choice neither supports nor weakens the prediction. Thus, this choice is mostly out of scope.
Incorrect Choice.
B. When scientific research and findings are kept secret, independent researchers are unable to build on those results.
Option B Feedback:
This choice talks about what would happen IF/WHEN the prediction comes true. This choice if anything strengthens the conclusion that lack of openness can lead to adverse effects.
There is another way to look at this choice. This choice does not talk about the role of industry sponsorship in the secrecy and thus, has no impact on the conclusion. In that sense, this choice is out of scope.
Incorrect Choice.
C. Industry sponsorship of research is only in certain areas, the financial support of research by industry distorts the research agenda.
Option C Feedback:
This choice strengthens the conclusion by suggesting that funding by industry deviates the purpose/motive/agenda of scientific research.
Incorrect Choice.
D. Industry sponsored research is sometimes devoted to problems that are of fundamental scientific importance.
Option D Feedback:
The conclusion is : industry sponsorship could hinder the development of science and scientific knowledge by blocking the sharing of scientific ideas
This choice tells us in what way industry sponsored research helps to further scientific development. However, this choice does not address the issue of industry sponsorship blocking the sharing of ideas. Just because industry sponsored research is devoted to problems of scientific importance does not mean that the researchers DO NOT PRCATICE SECRECY. It is quite possible that the outcomes of such research are kept secret or are only partially disseminated. This choice is therefore out of scope.
Incorrect Choice.
E. To enhance their standing and respect in the scientific community, the industries that sponsor research encourage employees to publish their results.
Option E Feedback:
This choice shows that industry sponsorship actually helps to increase openness. Thus, this choice is the correct weakener. This choice tells us why industries sponsor research and how it is in their interests to further openness.
Correct Choice.
