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29 May 2026, 08:44
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D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
57% (02:32) correct
43%
(02:42)
wrong
based on 167
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Scott: The Hippocratic oath demands, specifically, that doctors "never divulge" information about patients. Hence the psychiatrist who released tapes of a poet's therapy sessions after the poet's death violated his oath by his actions, even though the tapes were released after the poet's death and to the poet's official biographer. It makes no difference that the poet's published works were written in a confessional manner or that she had assured the psychiatrist that he could do with the tapes as he saw fit.
Bonara: I agree that doctors are bound not to divulge patient information and would not myself release such tapes without written permission from the patient. Nevertheless, I disagree that the circumstances were irrelevant in this case. I do not think the poet's psychiatrist violated the Hippocratic oath.
Which one of the following principles, if established, helps most to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's actions?
(A) Restrictions on the release of patient information by psychiatrists are not binding after the patient's death, since after death a person can no longer suffer harm.
(B) Once a patient has granted a psychiatrist permission to release confidential information, that information can be released to anyone at the psychiatrist's discretion.
(C) Since a psychiatrist could influence a patient's opinions during therapy, any directives to the psychiatrist by the patient must be interpreted in the light of the patient's actions outside the therapeutic setting.
(D) Since any psychiatrist's divulging to the public information about a patient could undermine the trust of other patients in their psychiatrists, no patient can release a psychiatrist from the obligation to keep patient information confidential.
(E) If a patient has expressed an intention to make public information about himself or herself that is in a psychiatrist's possession, the psychiatrist is released from the obligation to keep that information confidential.
Bonara: I agree that doctors are bound not to divulge patient information and would not myself release such tapes without written permission from the patient. Nevertheless, I disagree that the circumstances were irrelevant in this case. I do not think the poet's psychiatrist violated the Hippocratic oath.
Which one of the following principles, if established, helps most to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's actions?
(A) Restrictions on the release of patient information by psychiatrists are not binding after the patient's death, since after death a person can no longer suffer harm.
(B) Once a patient has granted a psychiatrist permission to release confidential information, that information can be released to anyone at the psychiatrist's discretion.
(C) Since a psychiatrist could influence a patient's opinions during therapy, any directives to the psychiatrist by the patient must be interpreted in the light of the patient's actions outside the therapeutic setting.
(D) Since any psychiatrist's divulging to the public information about a patient could undermine the trust of other patients in their psychiatrists, no patient can release a psychiatrist from the obligation to keep patient information confidential.
(E) If a patient has expressed an intention to make public information about himself or herself that is in a psychiatrist's possession, the psychiatrist is released from the obligation to keep that information confidential.
29 May 2026, 15:30
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Scott: The Hippocratic oath demands, specifically, that doctors "never divulge" information about patients. Hence the psychiatrist who released tapes of a poet's therapy sessions after the poet's death violated his oath by his actions, even though the tapes were released after the poet's death and to the poet's official biographer. It makes no difference that the poet's published works were written in a confessional manner or that she had assured the psychiatrist that he could do with the tapes as he saw fit.
Bonara: I agree that doctors are bound not to divulge patient information and would not myself release such tapes without written permission from the patient. Nevertheless, I disagree that the circumstances were irrelevant in this case. I do not think the poet's psychiatrist violated the Hippocratic oath.
Which one of the following principles, if established, helps most to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's actions?
Scott’s view is that the psychiatrist violated the oath by releasing the tapes, regardless of the poet’s death, public writing style, official biographer, or informal permission. The principle needed must support the idea that patient confidentiality cannot be waived by the patient’s permission in this situation.
(A) Restrictions on the release of patient information by psychiatrists are not binding after the patient's death, since after death a person can no longer suffer harm.
This weakens Scott’s view. Scott says the release was wrong even though it happened after the poet’s death.
(B) Once a patient has granted a psychiatrist permission to release confidential information, that information can be released to anyone at the psychiatrist's discretion.
This also weakens Scott’s view. Scott says the poet’s permission did not matter.
(C) Since a psychiatrist could influence a patient's opinions during therapy, any directives to the psychiatrist by the patient must be interpreted in the light of the patient's actions outside the therapeutic setting.
This does not justify Scott’s evaluation. It suggests that the poet’s outside actions may matter, but Scott says the circumstances were irrelevant.
(D) Since any psychiatrist's divulging to the public information about a patient could undermine the trust of other patients in their psychiatrists, no patient can release a psychiatrist from the obligation to keep patient information confidential.
This is correct. It directly supports Scott’s claim that even if the poet gave permission, the psychiatrist still had a duty not to divulge the information. The obligation exists because of the broader need for trust in psychiatry, not merely because of the individual patient’s wishes.
(E) If a patient has expressed an intention to make public information about himself or herself that is in a psychiatrist's possession, the psychiatrist is released from the obligation to keep that information confidential.
This weakens Scott’s view. Scott says the poet’s confessional writing and permission did not release the psychiatrist from the duty of confidentiality.
Answer: (D)
Bonara: I agree that doctors are bound not to divulge patient information and would not myself release such tapes without written permission from the patient. Nevertheless, I disagree that the circumstances were irrelevant in this case. I do not think the poet's psychiatrist violated the Hippocratic oath.
Which one of the following principles, if established, helps most to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's actions?
Scott’s view is that the psychiatrist violated the oath by releasing the tapes, regardless of the poet’s death, public writing style, official biographer, or informal permission. The principle needed must support the idea that patient confidentiality cannot be waived by the patient’s permission in this situation.
(A) Restrictions on the release of patient information by psychiatrists are not binding after the patient's death, since after death a person can no longer suffer harm.
This weakens Scott’s view. Scott says the release was wrong even though it happened after the poet’s death.
(B) Once a patient has granted a psychiatrist permission to release confidential information, that information can be released to anyone at the psychiatrist's discretion.
This also weakens Scott’s view. Scott says the poet’s permission did not matter.
(C) Since a psychiatrist could influence a patient's opinions during therapy, any directives to the psychiatrist by the patient must be interpreted in the light of the patient's actions outside the therapeutic setting.
This does not justify Scott’s evaluation. It suggests that the poet’s outside actions may matter, but Scott says the circumstances were irrelevant.
(D) Since any psychiatrist's divulging to the public information about a patient could undermine the trust of other patients in their psychiatrists, no patient can release a psychiatrist from the obligation to keep patient information confidential.
This is correct. It directly supports Scott’s claim that even if the poet gave permission, the psychiatrist still had a duty not to divulge the information. The obligation exists because of the broader need for trust in psychiatry, not merely because of the individual patient’s wishes.
(E) If a patient has expressed an intention to make public information about himself or herself that is in a psychiatrist's possession, the psychiatrist is released from the obligation to keep that information confidential.
This weakens Scott’s view. Scott says the poet’s confessional writing and permission did not release the psychiatrist from the duty of confidentiality.
Answer: (D)
21 Aug 2026, 07:44
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OE for reference:
Overview:
The passage presents a dialogue about the requirement that doctors never divulge information about their patients. The first speaker, Scott, argues that a psychiatrist who released tapes of a patient's sessions violated that requirement even though the tapes were released only after the patient's death and the patient had told the psychiatrist that he could do with the tapes as he saw fit.
The question asks which principle would most help to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's release of the tapes. Note that the question does not ask anything about what the second speaker, Bonara, says. Also, note that Scott argues that the psychiatrist should not have released the tapes. So you're looking for an answer choice that restricts conditions under which information can be divulged. Answer choices that present circumstances in which it is acceptable to divulge information can be ruled out.
The Correct Answer:
D We might question Scott's conclusion that the psychiatrist violated the requirement not to disclose information given that the patient herself gave the psychiatrist permission to release the tapes. But (D) says that a patient cannot release a psychiatrist from the confidentiality requirement. This means that the fact that the patient gave permission to release the tapes does not imply that it was acceptable to release them. (D) thus helps to justify Scott's evaluation by removing one reason to question it.
The Incorrect Answer Choices:
A (A) eases restrictions on divulging information about patients (it's acceptable after the patient's death). As discussed in the "Overview," this cannot help to justify Scott's conclusion that the psychiatrist should not have released the tapes.
B (B) eases restrictions on divulging information about patients. As discussed in the "Overview," this cannot help to justify Scott's conclusion that it was not acceptable to release the tapes.
C (C)says that a patient's directives to a psychiatrist must be interpreted in the light of the patient's actions outside the therapeutic setting. But (C) gives no specific guidance about how we should interpret those directives, and the dialogue doesn't give us enough information about the patient's activities outside of therapy to allow us to properly interpret the patient's directive in this situation. So (C) doesn't help to justify Scott's conclusion that the psychiatrist shouldn't have released the tapes.
E (E) eases restrictions on divulging information about patients. As discussed in the "Overview," this cannot help to justify Scott's conclusion that it was not acceptable to release the tapes.
Overview:
The passage presents a dialogue about the requirement that doctors never divulge information about their patients. The first speaker, Scott, argues that a psychiatrist who released tapes of a patient's sessions violated that requirement even though the tapes were released only after the patient's death and the patient had told the psychiatrist that he could do with the tapes as he saw fit.
The question asks which principle would most help to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's release of the tapes. Note that the question does not ask anything about what the second speaker, Bonara, says. Also, note that Scott argues that the psychiatrist should not have released the tapes. So you're looking for an answer choice that restricts conditions under which information can be divulged. Answer choices that present circumstances in which it is acceptable to divulge information can be ruled out.
The Correct Answer:
D We might question Scott's conclusion that the psychiatrist violated the requirement not to disclose information given that the patient herself gave the psychiatrist permission to release the tapes. But (D) says that a patient cannot release a psychiatrist from the confidentiality requirement. This means that the fact that the patient gave permission to release the tapes does not imply that it was acceptable to release them. (D) thus helps to justify Scott's evaluation by removing one reason to question it.
The Incorrect Answer Choices:
A (A) eases restrictions on divulging information about patients (it's acceptable after the patient's death). As discussed in the "Overview," this cannot help to justify Scott's conclusion that the psychiatrist should not have released the tapes.
B (B) eases restrictions on divulging information about patients. As discussed in the "Overview," this cannot help to justify Scott's conclusion that it was not acceptable to release the tapes.
C (C)says that a patient's directives to a psychiatrist must be interpreted in the light of the patient's actions outside the therapeutic setting. But (C) gives no specific guidance about how we should interpret those directives, and the dialogue doesn't give us enough information about the patient's activities outside of therapy to allow us to properly interpret the patient's directive in this situation. So (C) doesn't help to justify Scott's conclusion that the psychiatrist shouldn't have released the tapes.
E (E) eases restrictions on divulging information about patients. As discussed in the "Overview," this cannot help to justify Scott's conclusion that it was not acceptable to release the tapes.
