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29 Dec 2022, 10:24
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4. According to the information given in the passage, which of the following would be most likely to help a nation meet the reduction targets of the Kyoto Protocol?
Please note these lines of the passage (2nd paragraph) :- 'The chief goal of the Kyoto Protocol is for industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2 percent compared to 1990 levels. The gases targeted by the protocol are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs'.
A. A power plant switches its fuel source from bituminous to anthracite coal, thereby reducing the amount of sulfur dioxide that the plant releases into the air.
'sulfur dioxide' has not been mentioned as a greenhouse gas..so impact of its reduction on meeting the reduction targets of greenhouse gases can't be ascertained.
B. An aluminum processing plant alters the mix of the chemicals used in its smelting process so that the amount of nitrous disulfide emitted by the plant is increased and the amount of sulfur hexafluoride is decreased.
Reduction in the amounts of sulfur hexafluoride (mentioned as a greenhouse gas) will assist meeting the reduction targets of the Kyoto Protocol.
C. A petrochemical plant that produces plastics adjusts its manufacturing process so that the ratio of HFCs to PFCs emitted by the plant is altered from 1:12 to 1:8.
variation in the ratio of HFCs to PFCs will not affect..since no information has been presented that depicts the overall reduction of such greenhouse gase.
D. A metropolitan area switches its power source from a plant that burns coal to one that burns natural gas, which emits significantly less carbon dioxide per kilowatt of power generated than coal, although leaks in the natural gas pipeline have increased the amount of methane emitted in the area.
Increase in methane emission will have the opposite effect !!
E. To reduce smog, a state mandates that all state employees on state business must drive electric vehicles instead of gasolinepowered vehicles; the energy used by these electric cars comes from coal- and oil-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.
Similarly, for this option...Increase in carbon dioxide emission will have the opposite effect !!
(B) is the correct answer
Please note these lines of the passage (2nd paragraph) :- 'The chief goal of the Kyoto Protocol is for industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2 percent compared to 1990 levels. The gases targeted by the protocol are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs'.
A. A power plant switches its fuel source from bituminous to anthracite coal, thereby reducing the amount of sulfur dioxide that the plant releases into the air.
'sulfur dioxide' has not been mentioned as a greenhouse gas..so impact of its reduction on meeting the reduction targets of greenhouse gases can't be ascertained.
B. An aluminum processing plant alters the mix of the chemicals used in its smelting process so that the amount of nitrous disulfide emitted by the plant is increased and the amount of sulfur hexafluoride is decreased.
Reduction in the amounts of sulfur hexafluoride (mentioned as a greenhouse gas) will assist meeting the reduction targets of the Kyoto Protocol.
C. A petrochemical plant that produces plastics adjusts its manufacturing process so that the ratio of HFCs to PFCs emitted by the plant is altered from 1:12 to 1:8.
variation in the ratio of HFCs to PFCs will not affect..since no information has been presented that depicts the overall reduction of such greenhouse gase.
D. A metropolitan area switches its power source from a plant that burns coal to one that burns natural gas, which emits significantly less carbon dioxide per kilowatt of power generated than coal, although leaks in the natural gas pipeline have increased the amount of methane emitted in the area.
Increase in methane emission will have the opposite effect !!
E. To reduce smog, a state mandates that all state employees on state business must drive electric vehicles instead of gasolinepowered vehicles; the energy used by these electric cars comes from coal- and oil-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.
Similarly, for this option...Increase in carbon dioxide emission will have the opposite effect !!
(B) is the correct answer
29 Dec 2022, 21:59
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5. Which of the following, if true, would best reconcile the claim that developing nations like India and China “actually emit more greenhouse gases than most industrialized nations” with the previously stated claim that “the per-capita emissions of greenhouse gases from these nations are so much lower than those of industrialized nations”?
A. Both China and India have larger populations than any three industrialized nations combined.
With larger populations in China and India vis-a-vis 'any three industrialized nations combined', there is merit in concluding that the per-capita emissions of greenhouse gases from these nations will be much lower than those of industrialized nations.
B. Once China and India develop economically to a level comparable to that of an industrialized nation in Europe or North America, it is expected that these previously developing countries will have to limit their carbon emissions as well.
Futuristic prediction..doesn't reconcile the stated claim in the question
C. The concept of “greenhouse gases” is controversial because it has not been proven definitively that the “greenhouse effect” exists.
Stating a fact..will not impact the stated claim in any manner
D. Some of the most advanced forms of industry, such as the computer industry and biotechnology, emit far less greenhouse gases per unit of economic output than less advanced industries, such as agriculture or heavy manufacturing.
While the statement may be true, there is no mention in the passage about various forms of industry existing in industrialised nations and other nations such as China and India.
E. Economic development in developing countries such as India and China is hampered by lack of investment capital, lack of economic infrastructure, and the presence of persistent social problems that hinder government efforts to spur development.
Irrelevant option..as the facts stated herein doesn't concern evaluation of the per-capita emissions of greenhouse gases
(A) is the correct answer
A. Both China and India have larger populations than any three industrialized nations combined.
With larger populations in China and India vis-a-vis 'any three industrialized nations combined', there is merit in concluding that the per-capita emissions of greenhouse gases from these nations will be much lower than those of industrialized nations.
B. Once China and India develop economically to a level comparable to that of an industrialized nation in Europe or North America, it is expected that these previously developing countries will have to limit their carbon emissions as well.
Futuristic prediction..doesn't reconcile the stated claim in the question
C. The concept of “greenhouse gases” is controversial because it has not been proven definitively that the “greenhouse effect” exists.
Stating a fact..will not impact the stated claim in any manner
D. Some of the most advanced forms of industry, such as the computer industry and biotechnology, emit far less greenhouse gases per unit of economic output than less advanced industries, such as agriculture or heavy manufacturing.
While the statement may be true, there is no mention in the passage about various forms of industry existing in industrialised nations and other nations such as China and India.
E. Economic development in developing countries such as India and China is hampered by lack of investment capital, lack of economic infrastructure, and the presence of persistent social problems that hinder government efforts to spur development.
Irrelevant option..as the facts stated herein doesn't concern evaluation of the per-capita emissions of greenhouse gases
(A) is the correct answer
29 Dec 2022, 22:09
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6. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument of the critics of the Kyoto Protocol that implementing the protocol would be too costly?
A. While it is true that the scientific community is not unanimously in agreement that global warming is occurring, more than 95 percent of climatologists at universities and government-funded laboratories in Europe and North America agree that global warming is a real phenomenon.
This option doesn't highlight the expenditure aspects regarding the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol
B. Hybrid fuel-cell cars are less expensive to operate than conventional cars because of their much greater fuel efficiency, but it is unlikely that these operational savings will ever be able to cost-justify the much greater initial investment required to purchase one of these hybrid cars.
Deterrent of large initial investment 'strengthens' the argument of the critics..contrary to the question stimulus
C. Nuclear power, although completely free of carbon emissions and comparable in operating cost to an oil-burning power plant, brings the added back-end cost of disposing of the spent nuclear waste, which is both radioactive and highly toxic.
Higher cost of disposal of nuclear wastes will justify the critics' argument..hence, this option is also contrary to the question stimulus
D. Although it is unfair in a sense to impose different emissions restrictions on different countries, it is only fair to impose the most restrictive limitations on countries whose advanced economic development will allow them to conform to the regulations without losing the benefits of an industrialized economy.
Out of scope option, since this option also doesn't highlight the expenditure aspects regarding the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol
E. One nation that switched the fuel of 35 percent of its power plants from coal to natural gas in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions found that natural gas, although initially more expensive than coal, dropped in price to a level comparable to that of coal because natural gas companies increased production in order to meet the market demand.
With larger demand, the drop in prices of natural gas will lead to reduction of the implementation costs..thus 'weakening' the critics' argument hat implementing the protocol would be too costly
(E) is the correct answer
A. While it is true that the scientific community is not unanimously in agreement that global warming is occurring, more than 95 percent of climatologists at universities and government-funded laboratories in Europe and North America agree that global warming is a real phenomenon.
This option doesn't highlight the expenditure aspects regarding the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol
B. Hybrid fuel-cell cars are less expensive to operate than conventional cars because of their much greater fuel efficiency, but it is unlikely that these operational savings will ever be able to cost-justify the much greater initial investment required to purchase one of these hybrid cars.
Deterrent of large initial investment 'strengthens' the argument of the critics..contrary to the question stimulus
C. Nuclear power, although completely free of carbon emissions and comparable in operating cost to an oil-burning power plant, brings the added back-end cost of disposing of the spent nuclear waste, which is both radioactive and highly toxic.
Higher cost of disposal of nuclear wastes will justify the critics' argument..hence, this option is also contrary to the question stimulus
D. Although it is unfair in a sense to impose different emissions restrictions on different countries, it is only fair to impose the most restrictive limitations on countries whose advanced economic development will allow them to conform to the regulations without losing the benefits of an industrialized economy.
Out of scope option, since this option also doesn't highlight the expenditure aspects regarding the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol
E. One nation that switched the fuel of 35 percent of its power plants from coal to natural gas in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions found that natural gas, although initially more expensive than coal, dropped in price to a level comparable to that of coal because natural gas companies increased production in order to meet the market demand.
With larger demand, the drop in prices of natural gas will lead to reduction of the implementation costs..thus 'weakening' the critics' argument hat implementing the protocol would be too costly
(E) is the correct answer
