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The expedition detected five shipwrecks in the bay, which triples to fifteen the number of wreck sites now known as littering the bay's floor.
Here, the intended meaning is - the expedition (S) detected (V) five shipwrecks in the bay and this action simultaneously increased the number of wreck sites...

Noun, which is essentially a noun modifier modifying a very nearby noun -
but we need an adverbial modifier to modify the action 'detected' - A, C and E are incorrect

Noun + Verb +....., verb-ing is essentially an adverbial modifier modifying an action - So compare option B and D

(B) tripling to fifteen the number of wreck sites now known to litter

(D) tripling to fifteen the number of wreck sites now known as littering

On comparison of B and D, known to is the correct usage
'known as' - Usage already brought out by zhanbo above
so D is incorrect
Answer: B
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