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ClarkXiao
The government of Donia has required catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, in all new cars in Donia since 1993,and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.

A. The government of Donia has required catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, in all new cars in Donia since 1993
B. Since 1993, the government of Donia required catalytic converters,which are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, on all new cars in Donia
C. Catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions,have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993
D. Catalytic converters are devices that are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and have been requiring to all new cars in Donia since 1993
E. Since 1993, catalytic converters are devices that are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, which have been required into all new cars in Donia.

Whats wrong with A?
Is it because " devices designed ...." may be referring to the government rather than to "catalytic converters,"

" Require " can take both a subjunctive and an infinitive hence that should not be the real reason for eliminating A.
Isn't C passive ?
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mvictor
moved to the right forum.

ClarkXiao
The government of Donia has required catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, in all new cars in Donia since 1993,and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.
A.The government of Donia has required catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, in all new cars in Donia since 1993
B.Since 1993, the government of Donia required catalytic converters,which are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, on all new cars in Donia
C.Catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions,have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993
D.Catalytic converters are devices that are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and have been requiring to all new cars in Donia since 1993
E.Since 1993, catalytic converters are devices that are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, which have been required into all new cars in Donia.

required - is a subjunctive verb. it requires a "that".
A and B make a subjunctive mode error. Moreover, A sounds a little bit odd... Government of D required that X be installed on all new cars in D...
C looks good.
D changes the focus from the requirement to "being devices"
E same thing.

C seems to be the best.

I believe it is a self-made question. I found it here, in CR:
https://gmatclub.com/forum/some-verbal-q ... 31134.html


Though I agree that A and B sound odd, requires can either have subjunctive or 'to verb' with it.

I would go on to add that idiomatically, C is correct. If A and B are to be considered, it would have to be in more in line with ' The govenment of X has a mandate requiring'. Just sounds weird without that.
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ClarkXiao
The government of Donia has required catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, in all new cars in Donia since 1993,and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country.

A. The government of Donia has required catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, in all new cars in Donia since 1993
B. Since 1993, the government of Donia required catalytic converters,which are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, on all new cars in Donia
C. Catalytic converters,devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions,have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993
D. Catalytic converters are devices that are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and have been requiring to all new cars in Donia since 1993
E. Since 1993, catalytic converters are devices that are designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, which have been required into all new cars in Donia.

How come C is better than A.
Even when an important info is missing in option C i.e. who required the device
TIA
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How come C is better than A.
Even when an important info is missing in option C i.e. who required the device
TIA
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ShaikhMoice
How come C is better than A.
Even when an important info is missing in option C i.e. who required the device
TIA

I think we use present perfect with tenses with ‘since’ to show the action is still in effect. I noticed this difference between A and C.

Posted from my mobile device
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ShaikhMoice
How come C is better than A.
Even when an important info is missing in option C i.e. who required the device
TIA
Hello, ShaikhMoice. I feel compelled to point out, first, that this question is spun off of an official CR passage from GMAT Prep.

Quote:
Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles. Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia's capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Since the OA is plagiarized or lifted directly from the passage, that really may be all there is to the matter. Someone probably thought the sentence was peculiar and decided to create a question around it, with some other wrong versions tossed in. That said, I do think answer choice (C), without the above to consider, is still a better sentence than (A). It has to do with the passive construct used in (C), a construct that allows for a little wiggle room in interpretation. Compare the base information on the converters between (A) and (C):

(A) The government has required catalytic converters in all new cars
(C) Catalytic converters have been required in all new cars

There is a missing action in the original sentence that hinders the expression of meaning. Someone can require that a certain part be installed in a car, but the verb require does not operate on its own in the active form require [something] in. The passive construct in (C) shifts the emphasis from the government requiring something to the auto part itself, and allows the reader to bypass the part about installation. That is just the way the different verb tenses work. Think of an analogous sentence:

1) Active—The school is required to have fire alarms [installed].
2) Passive—Fire alarms are required in the school.

It is not as though we, as readers of the second sentence, picture students coming to school with fire alarms in their backpacks. We simply lean on the context of the sentence to give shape to a reasonable interpretation.

- Andrew
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