Last visit was: 21 Apr 2026, 08:03 It is currently 21 Apr 2026, 08:03
Close
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Close
Request Expert Reply
Confirm Cancel
User avatar
homersimpsons
Joined: 26 Aug 2020
Last visit: 08 Aug 2022
Posts: 273
Own Kudos:
484
 [13]
Given Kudos: 114
Location: India
Concentration: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship
GPA: 3.15
WE:Accounting (Finance: Investment Banking)
Kudos
Add Kudos
13
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Most Helpful Reply
User avatar
homersimpsons
Joined: 26 Aug 2020
Last visit: 08 Aug 2022
Posts: 273
Own Kudos:
484
 [9]
Given Kudos: 114
Location: India
Concentration: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship
GPA: 3.15
WE:Accounting (Finance: Investment Banking)
3
Kudos
Add Kudos
6
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
General Discussion
User avatar
ZucchiniGMAT
Joined: 21 Aug 2020
Last visit: 25 Nov 2020
Posts: 8
Own Kudos:
7
 [1]
Given Kudos: 63
Location: Canada
Concentration: Technology, General Management
Products:
Posts: 8
Kudos: 7
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
aditiphadnis
Joined: 13 Sep 2011
Last visit: 11 Feb 2024
Posts: 17
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 10
Location: United States
Concentration: Marketing, Entrepreneurship
Posts: 17
Kudos: 6
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Why is A wrong?

Verb+ing modifier explains the result of the three actions in the sentence.

@https://gmatclub.com/forum/members/member-216316.html
User avatar
Kinshook
User avatar
Major Poster
Joined: 03 Jun 2019
Last visit: 21 Apr 2026
Posts: 5,985
Own Kudos:
5,855
 [1]
Given Kudos: 163
Location: India
GMAT 1: 690 Q50 V34
WE:Engineering (Transportation)
Products:
GMAT 1: 690 Q50 V34
Posts: 5,985
Kudos: 5,855
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
The inmates of Arizona state prison
who are selected by the state forest department to work as wilderness firefighters
eat in the same cafeterias,
sleep in the same campsites,
and wear the same uniforms
as their professional counterparts do,
defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced inside prison walls.


A. defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced
Since inmates are not defying but the arrangement is
B. defying the relationship barriers enforced rigidly
Since inmates are not defying but the arrangement is
C. they defy the rigid relationship barriers enforced
ambiguous pronoun they
D. an arrangement to defy the relationship barriers that are enforced rigidly
Change in meaning. It is not an arrangement to defy ....
E. an arrangement that defies the rigid relationship barriers enforced
Correct usage

IMO E
User avatar
Nevergiveup69
Joined: 03 Nov 2020
Last visit: 16 Sep 2021
Posts: 10
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 9
Location: Australia
Schools:
Schools:
Posts: 10
Kudos: 1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
homersimpsons
The inmates of Arizona state prison who are selected by the state forest department to work as wilderness firefighters eat in the same cafeterias, sleep in the same campsites, and wear the same uniforms as their professional counterparts do, defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced inside prison walls.


A. defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced
--> The inmates did not intend to defy..., but the way they lived (an arrangement) did --> , V-ing is not appropriate.

B. defying the relationship barriers enforced rigidly
--> The inmates did not intend to defy..., but the way they lived (an arrangement) did --> , V-ing is not appropriate.

C. they defy the rigid relationship barriers enforced
--> run-on sentence.

D. an arrangement to defy the relationship barriers that are enforced rigidly
--> The inmates did not intend to defy, so the use to defy is inappropriate .

E. an arrangement that defies the rigid relationship barriers enforced
--> correct.

Look out for 'ing verb' modifiers that appear at the end of a sentence, after a comma. These are a bit of a special case. They don't modify the closest noun in the sentence; rather, they modify the main subject and verb of the sentence. In this case, the main subject and verb(s) are 'the inmates eat, sleep, and wear'. The problem is that it isn't the inmates who are defying barriers by eating, sleeping, and wearing. That would imply that the inmates somehow choose to defy barriers through their actions. (E) changes the meaning to a more logical one, by substituting the ing-verb modifier with an appositive modifier. An appositive modifier, which starts with a noun, makes it clear that the entire arrangement defies barriers, not the inmates themselves.

Hi!
Is it necessary for a verb-ing modifier to modify the subject as well? I think it modifies the clause and here it is correctly modifying the clause. Because of the actions of the inmates,defying of the barriers took place.

Posted from my mobile device
User avatar
Nevergiveup69
Joined: 03 Nov 2020
Last visit: 16 Sep 2021
Posts: 10
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 9
Location: Australia
Schools:
Schools:
Posts: 10
Kudos: 1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
ZucchiniGMAT
Hi there,

Here was my thinking behind the question.

Decision point #1: I eliminated B and D because "enforced rigidly" does not make sense as rigid is referring to the relationship and not the enforcement.

Decision point #2: Got rid of C because they could refer to the prison inmates, or the firefighters, or any of the other plural nouns preceding it.

Decision point #3: Defies is the correct tense here and therefore A is incorrect.

Answer: E

Hope this helps!

--Zucchini

Hi!
Is it necessary for a verb-ing modifier to modify the subject as well? I think it modifies the clause and here it is correctly modifying the clause. Because of the actions of the inmates,defying of the barriers took place.

Posted from my mobile device
User avatar
VerbalBot
User avatar
Non-Human User
Joined: 01 Oct 2013
Last visit: 04 Jan 2021
Posts: 19,404
Own Kudos:
Posts: 19,404
Kudos: 1,009
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Automated notice from GMAT Club VerbalBot:

A member just gave Kudos to this thread, showing it’s still useful. I’ve bumped it to the top so more people can benefit. Feel free to add your own questions or solutions.

This post was generated automatically.
Moderators:
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
7391 posts
494 posts
358 posts