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Why is A wrong?

Verb+ing modifier explains the result of the three actions in the sentence.

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The inmates of Arizona state prison
who are selected by the state forest department to work as wilderness firefighters
eat in the same cafeterias,
sleep in the same campsites,
and wear the same uniforms
as their professional counterparts do,
defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced inside prison walls.


A. defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced
Since inmates are not defying but the arrangement is
B. defying the relationship barriers enforced rigidly
Since inmates are not defying but the arrangement is
C. they defy the rigid relationship barriers enforced
ambiguous pronoun they
D. an arrangement to defy the relationship barriers that are enforced rigidly
Change in meaning. It is not an arrangement to defy ....
E. an arrangement that defies the rigid relationship barriers enforced
Correct usage

IMO E
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homersimpsons
The inmates of Arizona state prison who are selected by the state forest department to work as wilderness firefighters eat in the same cafeterias, sleep in the same campsites, and wear the same uniforms as their professional counterparts do, defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced inside prison walls.


A. defying the rigid relationship barriers enforced
--> The inmates did not intend to defy..., but the way they lived (an arrangement) did --> , V-ing is not appropriate.

B. defying the relationship barriers enforced rigidly
--> The inmates did not intend to defy..., but the way they lived (an arrangement) did --> , V-ing is not appropriate.

C. they defy the rigid relationship barriers enforced
--> run-on sentence.

D. an arrangement to defy the relationship barriers that are enforced rigidly
--> The inmates did not intend to defy, so the use to defy is inappropriate .

E. an arrangement that defies the rigid relationship barriers enforced
--> correct.

Look out for 'ing verb' modifiers that appear at the end of a sentence, after a comma. These are a bit of a special case. They don't modify the closest noun in the sentence; rather, they modify the main subject and verb of the sentence. In this case, the main subject and verb(s) are 'the inmates eat, sleep, and wear'. The problem is that it isn't the inmates who are defying barriers by eating, sleeping, and wearing. That would imply that the inmates somehow choose to defy barriers through their actions. (E) changes the meaning to a more logical one, by substituting the ing-verb modifier with an appositive modifier. An appositive modifier, which starts with a noun, makes it clear that the entire arrangement defies barriers, not the inmates themselves.

Hi!
Is it necessary for a verb-ing modifier to modify the subject as well? I think it modifies the clause and here it is correctly modifying the clause. Because of the actions of the inmates,defying of the barriers took place.

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ZucchiniGMAT
Hi there,

Here was my thinking behind the question.

Decision point #1: I eliminated B and D because "enforced rigidly" does not make sense as rigid is referring to the relationship and not the enforcement.

Decision point #2: Got rid of C because they could refer to the prison inmates, or the firefighters, or any of the other plural nouns preceding it.

Decision point #3: Defies is the correct tense here and therefore A is incorrect.

Answer: E

Hope this helps!

--Zucchini

Hi!
Is it necessary for a verb-ing modifier to modify the subject as well? I think it modifies the clause and here it is correctly modifying the clause. Because of the actions of the inmates,defying of the barriers took place.

Posted from my mobile device
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