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ChandlerBong
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To start with the splits.. in the original sentence A , parallel structure is missing , after
Physicists .. verb
Astronomers .. verb
Biologists .. pronoun verb

We need to form a parallel structure with proper parts of speech. Also as the sentence is mentioning about last decade, the sentence must be in past tense

Only option c fulfills the criteria

Option A discussed the error above
Option B physicists that detected previously wrong parallelism. Rest 2 are parallel. Correct verb tense used
Option C physicists detecting, astronomers adding and biologists honing … CORRECT
Option D which make us gasp in wonder at physicists who detected .. wrong verb tense and unparallel 1st structure
Option E astronomers who added .. wrong and not parallel with the other 2

Hence option c
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