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MartinUSP
The rise of capitalism, scientific inquiry, technology and nasty germs made western Eurasian societies so powerful and innovative that people of other continents could not even hope to rival them for the scale of conquest.

A. could not even hope to rival them for

Isn't "rival (for) the scale of conquest" akward?
You missed "them" in between which is giving the specific meaning that the rivalry from the western Eurasian society is almost impossible.
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Is use of "them" not ambiguous here?
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The rise of capitalism, scientific inquiry, technology and nasty germs made western Eurasian societies so powerful and innovative that people of other continents could not even hope to rival them for the scale of conquest.

Option Elimination -

A. could not even hope to rival them for - ok

B. were not even their rivals for - rules out the rivalry part.

C. were not even their rivals as to - "as to" is used to clarify a topic or subject in a sentence.

"as to" for introducing a topic.
1. As to the issue of budget cuts, we need to consider alternative solutions.
2. As to the question of whether to expand the company, the board is divided.

"as to" for expressing an opinion or providing information.
1. I don't know as to her whereabouts.
2. The expert provided insights as to how to improve efficiency.

D. could even hope to be its rival in - "its" referring to plural societies - Wrong.

E. were not even hoping to be its rival for - the same "its" issue. Usage of past progressive is unnecessary.
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