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02 Feb 2022, 23:00
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Question 1
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
78% (02:25) correct
22%
(02:08) wrong
based on 217
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
63% (00:58) correct 37%
(01:13) wrong
based on 211
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
70% (00:43) correct 30%
(00:55) wrong
based on 214
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
52% (01:00) correct 48%
(01:15) wrong
based on 212
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
The stress of space flight weakens astronauts' immunity and increases their risk of passing infections to one another. The findings diminish prospects for crewed missions to planets such as Mars, unless ways can be found to boost the astronauts' immune systems.
Satish Mehta and his colleagues at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston measured levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in saliva samples taken from 10 astronauts before, during and after a series of space shuttle missions. Many of us carry EBV, but it normally stays dormant in our white blood cells, and is only activated when people are stressed.
Mehta found EBV in 13 per cent of the samples, but the number of copies of the virus increased dramatically while the astronauts were in space. Samples from astronauts testing positive for EBV contained more than 40 times as many viruses during a shuttle flight than before or afterwards.
Although EBV is normally harmless, it can cause glandular fever and has been associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, a type of cancer common in Africa. Mehta fears that other, more dangerous viruses could also be transmitted more easily by stressed astronauts. In preliminary analyses, he has already found elevated levels of cytomegalovirus in saliva samples taken on the shuttle. This virus can cause blindness in immuno-suppressed people.
When these astronauts go up, they are under huge stress, the greatest being the fear they won`t come back, says Mehta. It`s crowded, cramped and tiring, and if crew members breathe out virus, it hangs around in micro-gravity and can easily be breathed in. The solution might be for the astronauts to take antiviral drugs before and during missions, or to give saliva samples during the flight so that stressed crew members can be identified and told to take a break.
Satish Mehta and his colleagues at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston measured levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in saliva samples taken from 10 astronauts before, during and after a series of space shuttle missions. Many of us carry EBV, but it normally stays dormant in our white blood cells, and is only activated when people are stressed.
Mehta found EBV in 13 per cent of the samples, but the number of copies of the virus increased dramatically while the astronauts were in space. Samples from astronauts testing positive for EBV contained more than 40 times as many viruses during a shuttle flight than before or afterwards.
Although EBV is normally harmless, it can cause glandular fever and has been associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, a type of cancer common in Africa. Mehta fears that other, more dangerous viruses could also be transmitted more easily by stressed astronauts. In preliminary analyses, he has already found elevated levels of cytomegalovirus in saliva samples taken on the shuttle. This virus can cause blindness in immuno-suppressed people.
When these astronauts go up, they are under huge stress, the greatest being the fear they won`t come back, says Mehta. It`s crowded, cramped and tiring, and if crew members breathe out virus, it hangs around in micro-gravity and can easily be breathed in. The solution might be for the astronauts to take antiviral drugs before and during missions, or to give saliva samples during the flight so that stressed crew members can be identified and told to take a break.
1. According to the passage, the Epstein-Barr virus is
(A) the greatest threat to astronauts working in outer Space
(B) a virus that has led to cancer among many astronauts
(C) completely harmless
(D) under normal conditions (not life-threatening)
(E) a virus that leads to elevated levels of cytomegalovirus
(A) the greatest threat to astronauts working in outer Space
(B) a virus that has led to cancer among many astronauts
(C) completely harmless
(D) under normal conditions (not life-threatening)
(E) a virus that leads to elevated levels of cytomegalovirus
2. The passage assumes that
(A) it would be easier to boost the immune systems of the astronauts than to make space flight less stressful
(B) antiviral drugs are prohibitively expensive to produce
(C) astronauts who go into outer space will become infected with some type of virus
(D) cytomegalovirus is somehow linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
(E) antiviral drugs will not be effective if they are taken before the space mission
(A) it would be easier to boost the immune systems of the astronauts than to make space flight less stressful
(B) antiviral drugs are prohibitively expensive to produce
(C) astronauts who go into outer space will become infected with some type of virus
(D) cytomegalovirus is somehow linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
(E) antiviral drugs will not be effective if they are taken before the space mission
3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) object to current medical testing being carried out on astronauts
(B) evaluate the state of virology as it is being carried out in space
(C) discuss a possible obstacle to space missions of a long duration
(D) counter the criticisms of those who believe a mission to Mars is not possible
(E) raise an objection to the use of manned missions to other planets in our Solar System
(A) object to current medical testing being carried out on astronauts
(B) evaluate the state of virology as it is being carried out in space
(C) discuss a possible obstacle to space missions of a long duration
(D) counter the criticisms of those who believe a mission to Mars is not possible
(E) raise an objection to the use of manned missions to other planets in our Solar System
4. The passage suggests that the cause of the increase in the number of the copies of the viruses found in the astronauts' systems
(A) might have to do with the initial levels of EBV found in the astronauts' saliva before the mission
(B) is most likely the Epstein-Barr virus
(C) cannot be a factor other than stress
(D) has nothing to do with the fear and anxiety of the astronauts
(E) could be the close quarters the astronauts live in when they are in space
(A) might have to do with the initial levels of EBV found in the astronauts' saliva before the mission
(B) is most likely the Epstein-Barr virus
(C) cannot be a factor other than stress
(D) has nothing to do with the fear and anxiety of the astronauts
(E) could be the close quarters the astronauts live in when they are in space
Source: Crack-GMAT
05 Feb 2022, 05:00
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Official Explanation
3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
Explanation
Primary purpose questions require you to identify that option that brings out the central theme of the passage, that which condenses the basic idea of the passage into one sentence. This is done by option C; the passage essentially focuses on an obstacle, the high risk of viral infections among astronauts, to space missions. Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Answer: C
Explanation
Primary purpose questions require you to identify that option that brings out the central theme of the passage, that which condenses the basic idea of the passage into one sentence. This is done by option C; the passage essentially focuses on an obstacle, the high risk of viral infections among astronauts, to space missions. Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Answer: C
23 Mar 2022, 04:37
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Official Explanation
2. The passage assumes that
Explanation
Again, the process of elimination is the best way to proceed. Antiviral drugs (option B) are mentioned in the last paragraph, but there’s no indication of their cost of production. The passage states that stress induced by space travel increases the risk of astronauts being infected, not that they will be infected (option C). Cytomegalovirus is referred to as an example of a more dangerous virus (paragraph 4); there’s nothing in the paragraph to link it to EBV.
Finally, the passage states that the solution might be for the astronauts to take antiviral drugs before and during missions, so option E cannot be true. This leaves us with option A, which is also corroborated by the statement unless ways can be found to boost the astronauts' immune systems in the first paragraph. Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Answer: A
Explanation
Again, the process of elimination is the best way to proceed. Antiviral drugs (option B) are mentioned in the last paragraph, but there’s no indication of their cost of production. The passage states that stress induced by space travel increases the risk of astronauts being infected, not that they will be infected (option C). Cytomegalovirus is referred to as an example of a more dangerous virus (paragraph 4); there’s nothing in the paragraph to link it to EBV.
Finally, the passage states that the solution might be for the astronauts to take antiviral drugs before and during missions, so option E cannot be true. This leaves us with option A, which is also corroborated by the statement unless ways can be found to boost the astronauts' immune systems in the first paragraph. Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Answer: A
