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Hovkial
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(A) Correct. The argument concludes that because the social theorists believe that people act only out of self-interest, they must also believe a logical implication of that belief, namely that democracy is futile because government by consent is impossible. This reasoning assumes that anyone who holds a belief also holds all of its implications, even though people may not recognize or accept every consequence of what they believe. This is exactly the flaw described in (A).
(B) Wrong. This choice describes the division fallacy, where a characteristic of a group is wrongly attributed to each individual member. The argument never reasons from a property of a group to its individual members. Instead, it discusses the beliefs of a particular group of theorists, so this flaw is not present.
(C) Wrong. This choice describes the composition fallacy, where a characteristic of every individual member is assumed to be true of the group as a whole. The argument never infers anything about a group based on the characteristics of its individual members. It is concerned only with what certain theorists believe, making this option irrelevant.
(D) Wrong. This option describes an ad hominem attack, where a theory is discredited by attacking the people who hold it. The argument does not criticize or undermine the social theorists themselves; it merely draws a conclusion about what they believe. Therefore, no personal attack occurs.
(E) Wrong. This choice claims the argument overlooks the possibility that its assumptions could still be true even if its conclusion is false. However, the flaw in the argument has nothing to do with the truth or falsity of its assumptions or conclusion. Instead, it lies in inferring that because someone believes a proposition, they necessarily believe all of its logical consequences. Thus, (E) misidentifies the flaw.

Hovkial
The view that every person is concerned exclusively with her or his own self-interest implies that government by consent is impossible. Thus, social theorists who believe that people are concerned only with their self‐interest evidently believe that aspiring to democracy is futile, since democracy is not possible in the absence of government by consent.

The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument

(A) infers merely from the fact of someone’s holding a belief that he or she believes an implication of that belief

(B) infers that because something is true of a group of people, it is true of each individual member of the group

(C) infers that because something is true of each individual person belonging to a group, it is true of the group as a whole

(D) attempts to discredit a theory by discrediting those who espouse that theory

(E) fails to consider that, even if an argument’s conclusion is false, some of the assumptions used to justify that conclusion may nonetheless be true
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