Official Explanation
Just as once “every subject eventually had to meet theology’s demands,” both physical science and social science must now meet mathematics’ demands. This suggests that mathematics enjoys something like rule over these fields; the phrase “Queen of the Sciences” suggests the same. “Hegemony” usually describes the dominance of one state over others, but can also mean the dominance of one social group, political party, etc. “Dominance” will also work. If you anticipated the word autocratic, “autonomy” might be attractive, especially as a pair with “independence,” but autocratic describes government by a single person with unlimited powers, while autonomy means self-governance. Finally, neither “mayhem” nor “credence” have a pair in the answer choices with a similar meaning, nor do they convey a meaning that matches with the clues in the sentence.
Answer: C,E