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22 Jul 2026, 06:50
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There is evidence that a certain ancient society burned large areas of land. Some suggest that this indicates the beginning of large-scale agriculture in that society—that the land was burned to clear ground for planting. But there is little evidence of cultivation after the fires. Therefore, it is likely that this society was still a hunter-gatherer society.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) Many ancient cultures had agriculture before they began using fire to clear large tracts of land.
(B) Hunter-gatherer societies used fire for cooking and for heat during cold weather.
(C) Many plants and trees have inedible seeds that are contained in hard shells and are released only when subjected to the heat of a great fire.
(D) Hunter-gatherer societies are known to have used fire to move animal populations from one area to another.
(E) Few early societies were aware that burning organic material can help create nutrients for soil.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) Many ancient cultures had agriculture before they began using fire to clear large tracts of land.
(B) Hunter-gatherer societies used fire for cooking and for heat during cold weather.
(C) Many plants and trees have inedible seeds that are contained in hard shells and are released only when subjected to the heat of a great fire.
(D) Hunter-gatherer societies are known to have used fire to move animal populations from one area to another.
(E) Few early societies were aware that burning organic material can help create nutrients for soil.
22 Jul 2026, 11:35
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Answer D
To strengthen this conclusion, we want an alternative explanation for why hunter-gatherers would burn large areas of land
(D) does that: shows that burning land is not unique to agriculture. Hunter-gatherers also had a reason to burn large areas, making it more likely that the fires were related to hunting rather than farming.
The other choices don't help as much
To strengthen this conclusion, we want an alternative explanation for why hunter-gatherers would burn large areas of land
(D) does that: shows that burning land is not unique to agriculture. Hunter-gatherers also had a reason to burn large areas, making it more likely that the fires were related to hunting rather than farming.
The other choices don't help as much
22 Jul 2026, 13:15
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There is evidence that a certain ancient society burned large areas of land. Some suggest that this indicates the beginning of large-scale agriculture in that society—that the land was burned to clear ground for planting. But there is little evidence of cultivation after the fires. Therefore, it is likely that this society was still a hunter-gatherer society.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
The argument says the burned land probably does not show agriculture, because there is little evidence of cultivation afterward. The best strengthener should show that hunter-gatherers had a reason to burn large areas of land other than planting crops.
(A) Many ancient cultures had agriculture before they began using fire to clear large tracts of land.
This does not strengthen the argument. It shows that agriculture and fire-clearing do not always begin together, but it does not explain why this society burned large areas if it was still hunter-gatherer.
(B) Hunter-gatherer societies used fire for cooking and for heat during cold weather.
This is too weak. Cooking and heat do not explain why a society would burn large areas of land.
(C) Many plants and trees have inedible seeds that are contained in hard shells and are released only when subjected to the heat of a great fire.
This does not help much. The seeds are described as inedible, so this does not clearly give hunter-gatherers a reason to burn large areas.
(D) Hunter-gatherer societies are known to have used fire to move animal populations from one area to another.
This is correct. It gives a clear non-agricultural reason for large-scale burning. If hunter-gatherers used fire to move animals, then the evidence of burning is consistent with a hunter-gatherer society, not necessarily agriculture.
(E) Few early societies were aware that burning organic material can help create nutrients for soil.
This does not directly strengthen the conclusion. The agricultural explanation is about clearing land for planting, not necessarily about improving soil nutrients.
Answer: (D)
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
The argument says the burned land probably does not show agriculture, because there is little evidence of cultivation afterward. The best strengthener should show that hunter-gatherers had a reason to burn large areas of land other than planting crops.
(A) Many ancient cultures had agriculture before they began using fire to clear large tracts of land.
This does not strengthen the argument. It shows that agriculture and fire-clearing do not always begin together, but it does not explain why this society burned large areas if it was still hunter-gatherer.
(B) Hunter-gatherer societies used fire for cooking and for heat during cold weather.
This is too weak. Cooking and heat do not explain why a society would burn large areas of land.
(C) Many plants and trees have inedible seeds that are contained in hard shells and are released only when subjected to the heat of a great fire.
This does not help much. The seeds are described as inedible, so this does not clearly give hunter-gatherers a reason to burn large areas.
(D) Hunter-gatherer societies are known to have used fire to move animal populations from one area to another.
This is correct. It gives a clear non-agricultural reason for large-scale burning. If hunter-gatherers used fire to move animals, then the evidence of burning is consistent with a hunter-gatherer society, not necessarily agriculture.
(E) Few early societies were aware that burning organic material can help create nutrients for soil.
This does not directly strengthen the conclusion. The agricultural explanation is about clearing land for planting, not necessarily about improving soil nutrients.
Answer: (D)
22 Jul 2026, 13:43
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Agree with D.
Pattern to steal for Strengthen: when the argument says "not agriculture, therefore hunter-gatherer," the best strengthener usually gives hunters a real reason to do the same thing (large burns). That closes the gap between "no cultivation" and "must still be HG."
A/E talk about farming practices in general, B is small-scale fire, and C sounds tempting but the seeds are inedible, so it doesn't give a clean HG motive. D does.
Pattern to steal for Strengthen: when the argument says "not agriculture, therefore hunter-gatherer," the best strengthener usually gives hunters a real reason to do the same thing (large burns). That closes the gap between "no cultivation" and "must still be HG."
A/E talk about farming practices in general, B is small-scale fire, and C sounds tempting but the seeds are inedible, so it doesn't give a clean HG motive. D does.
