Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar

Question

Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons—quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe.

But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years passed between Pauli’s hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes.  But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon’s reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles.

Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere.

The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.   1 
 1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage as a whole?

(A) At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy
(B) Neutrinos and the History of the Universe
(C) The Creation and Study of Neutrinos
(D) The DUMAND System and How It Works
(E) The Properties of the Neutrino

2 
 2. With which of the following statements regarding neutrino astronomy would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all present forms of astronomy.
(B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the DUMAND project fails.
(C) Neutrino astronomy can be expected to lead to major breakthroughs in astronomy.
(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena that will be more surprising than past discoveries.
(E) Neutrino astronomy will always be characterized by a large time lag between hypothesis and experimental confirmation.

3 
 3. In the last paragraph, the author describes the development of astronomy in order to

(A) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino astronomy can be seen as part of a series of astronomical successes
(B) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific discovery
(C) demonstrate the effectiveness of the DUMAND apparatus in detecting neutrinos
(D) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino astronomy will illuminate
(E) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers with that of the astrophysicists working on the DUMAND project

4 
 4. According to the passage, one advantage that neutrinos have for studies in astronomy is that they

(A) have been detected for the last twenty-five years
(B) possess a variable electric charge
(C) are usually extremely massive
(D) carry information about their history with them
(E) are very similar to other electromagnetic particles

5 
 5. According to the passage, the primary use of the apparatus mentioned in lines 24-32 would be to

(A) increase the mass of a neutrino
(B) interpret the information neutrinos carry with them
(C) study the internal structure of a neutrino
(D) see neutrinos in distant regions of space
(E) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos

6 
 6. The passage states that interactions between neutrinos and other matter are

(A) rare
(B) artificial
(C) undetectable
(D) unpredictable
(E) hazardous

7 
 7. The passage mentions which of the following as a reason that neutrinos are hard to detect?

(A) Their pervasiveness in the universe
(B) Their ability to escape from different regions of space
(C) Their inability to penetrate dense matter
(D) The similarity of their structure to that of nucleons
(E) The infrequency of their interaction with other matter

8 
 8. According to the passage, the interaction of a neutrino with other matter can produce

(A) particles that are neutral and massive
(B) a form of radiation that permeates the universe
(C) inaccurate information about the site and circumstances of the neutrino’s production
(D) charged particles and light
(E) a situation in which light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation are blocked

9 
 9. According to the passage, one of the methods used to establish the properties of neutrinos was

(A) detection of photons
(B) observation of the interaction of neutrinos with gamma rays
(C) observation of neutrinos that were artificially created
(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with particles of seawater
(E) experiments with electromagnetic radiation

benguy · Accepted Answer

Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons—quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe.

But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years passed between Pauli’s hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon’s reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles.

Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere.

The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.

1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage as a whole?

(A) At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy
(B) Neutrinos and the History of the Universe
(C) The Creation and Study of Neutrinos
 the passage is not about creation of Neutrino, but about detecting neutrino  
(D) The DUMAND System and How It Works
 it is the one that best summerizes the passage 
(E) The Properties of the Neutrino
 nothing about properties of neutrino

2. With which of the following statements regarding neutrino astronomy would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all present forms of astronomy.
(B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the DUMAND project fails.
 (C) Neutrino astronomy can be expected to lead to major breakthroughs in astronomy.
the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe
therefore, its expected to lead to major breakthroughs in astronomy 
(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena that will be more surprising than past discoveries.
(E) Neutrino astronomy will always be characterized by a large time lag between hypothesis and experimental confirmation.

3. In the last paragraph, the author describes the development of astronomy in order to

(A) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino astronomy can be seen as part of a series of astronomical successes
 Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises 
correct!

(B) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific discovery
(C) demonstrate the effectiveness of the DUMAND apparatus in detecting neutrinos
(D) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino astronomy will illuminate
(E) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers with that of the astrophysicists working on the DUMAND project

4. According to the passage, one advantage that neutrinos have for studies in astronomy is that they

(A) have been detected for the last twenty-five years
(B) possess a variable electric charge
(C) are usually extremely massive
(D) carry information about their history with them
 neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production 
correct!

(E) are very similar to other electromagnetic particles

5. According to the passage, the primary use of the apparatus mentioned in lines 24-32 would be to

(A) increase the mass of a neutrino
(B) interpret the information neutrinos carry with them
(C) study the internal structure of a neutrino
(D) see neutrinos in distant regions of space
(E) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos
 No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive 
correct!

6. The passage states that interactions between neutrinos and other matter are

(A) rare
 the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe... 
(B) artificial
(C) undetectable
(D) unpredictable
(E) hazardous

7. The passage mentions which of the following as a reason that neutrinos are hard to detect?

(A) Their pervasiveness in the universe
(B) Their ability to escape from different regions of space
(C) Their inability to penetrate dense matter
(D) The similarity of their structure to that of nucleons
(E) The infrequency of their interaction with other matter
 the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe., even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. .

a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter?

8. According to the passage, the interaction of a neutrino with other matter can produce

(A) particles that are neutral and massive
(B) a form of radiation that permeates the universe
(C) inaccurate information about the site and circumstances of the neutrino’s production
(D) charged particles and light
 when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light 
(E) a situation in which light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation are blocked

9. According to the passage, one of the methods used to establish the properties of neutrinos was

(A) detection of photons
(B) observation of the interaction of neutrinos with gamma rays
(C) observation of neutrinos that were artificially created
 since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially  
(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with particles of seawater
(E) experiments with electromagnetic radiation

jawele · Answer

Total 7 minutes

1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage as a whole?
(A) At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy -> correct, the passage talks about some details of neutrinos, including why neutrinos are important, how to detect them and the project involved in their detection.
(B) Neutrinos and the History of the Universe -> wrong, there's only a small detail about the history of the universe that is mentioned
(C) The Creation and Study of Neutrinos ->wrong, the passage doesn't speak about the creation of neutrinos
(D) The DUMAND System and How It Works -> wrong, mentioned as a detailed in the last paragraph
(E) The Properties of the Neutrino -> wrong, discussed only in the first paragraph

2. With which of the following statements regarding neutrino astronomy would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all present forms of astronomy. -> there's no such claim
(B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the DUMAND project fails. -> there's no such claim
(C) Neutrino astronomy can be expected to lead to major breakthroughs in astronomy. -> correct, "Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises."
(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena that will be more surprising than past discoveries. -> there's no such distinction made
(E) Neutrino astronomy will always be characterized by a large time lag between hypothesis and experimental confirmation. -> may be true, but not mentioned

3. In the last paragraph, the author describes the development of astronomy in order to 
(A) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino astronomy can be seen as part of a series of astronomical successes -> correct, "The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises."
(B) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific discovery -> wrong, findings from the study of neutrinos are likely to cause surprise
(C) demonstrate the effectiveness of the DUMAND apparatus in detecting neutrinos -> wrong, the effectiveness is not discussed
(D) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino astronomy will illuminate -> it is said that findings will bring a share of surprises, but it is not said what specific phenomena it will reveal
(E) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers with that of the astrophysicists working on the DUMAND project -> no mention of this

4. According to the passage, one advantage that neutrinos have for studies in astronomy is that they 
(A) have been detected for the last twenty-five years -> wrong, "Twenty-five years passed between Pauli's hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection"
(B) possess a variable electric charge -> on the contrary, they have no electric charge
(C) are usually extremely massive -> on the contrary, they are of negligible mass and their detection apparatus would have to be massive
(D) carry information about their history with them -> correct, "Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe."
(E) are very similar to other electromagnetic particles -> only electromagnetic radiation is mentioned

5. According to the passage, the primary use of the apparatus mentioned in the highlighted portion would be to 
(A) increase the mass of a neutrino -> wrong
(B) interpret the information neutrinos carry with them -> wrong
(C) study the internal structure of a neutrino -> wrong
(D) see neutrinos in distant regions of space -> wrong
(E) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos -> "But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct."

LauraChen310 · Answer

Can someone explain why #9 is C instead of D?

9. According to the passage, one of the methods used to establish the properties of neutrinos was
(A) detection of photons
(B) observation of the interaction of neutrinos with gamma rays
(C) observation of neutrinos that were artificially created
since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially

(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with particles of seawater
(E) experiments with electromagnetic radiation

bM22 · Answer

Hi  LauraChen310 ,

Lines: "Twenty-five years passed between Pauli’s hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection:  since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes . "

Option C can be directly inferred from the above lines.

What we can infer from the project DUMAND is that it is a recent project for the detection of neutrinos in seawater. Since it's a recent and ongoing method, it will be too soon to say that this was one of the methods used to establish the properties of neutrinos. Thus C is the better answer.

Hope This Helps.
Thanks.

agrasan · Answer

Hi experts  KarishmaB   GMATNinja   DmitryFarber ,

Could you please explain why option D is not an answer for  question-9 ?

9. According to the passage, one of the methods used to establish the properties of neutrinos was

(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with particles of seawater
To find an answer, I referred to the following lines in para-3 "The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater,  the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors ."

(C) observation of neutrinos that were artificially created
I do find a support for option C in para-2 "...since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with  neutrinos created artificially  in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes."

Please help me to understand how we can eliminate option D.

DmitryFarberMPrep · Answer

The seawater project is just a  proposed  method of observing neutrinos. It has yet to be built or deployed, so it isn't a method that was used to establish the properties of neutrinos.

Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar

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Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar

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