From Guide
The question asks us to identify the statement that most accurately describes the organization of the passage.
A. The author indeed explores an aspect of the origin of the labor theory of value, to do with the philosopher John Locke. However, the author neither claims that the theory never gained widespread acceptance nor tries to explain a supposed fact that the theory never gained widespread acceptance.
B. Although the author explains a fundamental aspect of a theory—the labor theory of value—and then may seem to evaluate this aspect by “relating it to objective reality,” she or he does not propose a modi ication of the theory.
C. The passage indeed quotes John Locke, who is well known and may be considered an authority on certain matters. However, Locke would not be considered an authority on the contents of the labor theory of value, which, the passage suggests, did not exist at the time of Locke. Furthermore, much of the passage is devoted to developing a criticism of the theory. A good characterization of the passage would need to at least mention this criticism.
D. Correct. The author begins the passage by describing a theory of John Locke that is, according to the author, a precursor to the labor theory of value. Most of the second paragraph is devoted to a criticism of the theory, which the author ends by claiming that Locke is somewhat responsible for the supposed law.
E. The criticism of the labor theory of value is based on certain purported claims, made by the theory, about the economy that, according to the author, do not agree with the theory. The criticism of John Locke is then based on this critique of the theory, and the claim that Locke is somewhat responsible for the law in the theory that the author claims to identify. Because the critique of the theory is thus not based on the critique of Locke, and thus not on something that would purportedly “discredit” him, this answer choice is clearly incorrect.