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souvik101990
During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. During her thesis defense, the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. During her thesis defense, the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. During her thesis defense, the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

Hi Souvik,

I wanted to check on the following. In option C the way who is used is slightly confusing.
Does not the option mean that the graduate student was selectively paying careful attention to ONLY those people in the audience who had a mixed reaction and not to everyone.
1) Is my understanding correct?
2) If Yes. Isnt this a change in meaning ?
3) If no. Can you please guide me how i can avoid this mistake in future. What concept am I missing ?

Option C is alright and the meaning you indicated would be conveyed if there were no comma before "who". Let me briefly summarize the difference between essential and non-essential modifiers:

Essential modifier:
mandatory- required to define the noun it refers to - no comma - removal of the modifier changes the meaning of the sentence.
example: I hate men who brag.
meaning: Say there are 100 men and 30 of them brag. I hate only those 30 bragging men ("selectively" as you mentioned).
Removal of the modifier would imply that I hate all 100 men rather than just those 30 bragging men - meaning changes.

Non-essential modifier:
not mandatory - says something extra about the noun it refers to - comma required - removal of the modifier does not change the meaning of the sentence.
example: I hate men, who brag.
meaning: Say there are 100 men. I hate all 100 of them. Extra information- those 100 men brag.
Removal of the modifier would still imply that I hate all 100 men - the meaning does not change.
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souvik101990
During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. During her thesis defense, the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. During her thesis defense, the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. During her thesis defense, the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

Hi Souvik,

I wanted to check on the following. In option C the way who is used is slightly confusing.
Does not the option mean that the graduate student was selectively paying careful attention to ONLY those people in the audience who had a mixed reaction and not to everyone.
1) Is my understanding correct?
2) If Yes. Isnt this a change in meaning ?
3) If no. Can you please guide me how i can avoid this mistake in future. What concept am I missing ?

Option C is alright and the meaning you indicated would be conveyed if there were no comma before "who". Let me briefly summarize the difference between essential and non-essential modifiers:

Essential modifier:
mandatory- required to define the noun it refers to - no comma - removal of the modifier changes the meaning of the sentence.
example: I hate men who brag.
meaning: Say there are 100 men and 30 of them brag. I hate only those 30 bragging men ("selectively" as you mentioned).
Removal of the modifier would imply that I hate all 100 men rather than just those 30 bragging men - meaning changes.

Non-essential modifier:
not mandatory - says something extra about the noun it refers to - comma required - removal of the modifier does not change the meaning of the sentence.
example: I hate men, who brag.
meaning: Say there are 100 men. I hate all 100 of them. Extra information- those 100 men brag.
Removal of the modifier would still imply that I hate all 100 men - the meaning does not change.


Thanks a lot. Your explanation is spot on
I got what i was missing - The comma was playing the devil in my mind.

I have the following follow up questions -
1) Is it true that all non essential modifiers contain a comma ALWAYS. Considering which is a non essential modifier if it occurs without a comma i can rule this out as a wrong option?
2) Is it true that all essential modifier never contain a comma. I think you have stated the same but wanted to clarify one more time.

Apologies for dragging...
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korhiyatryinghard

Hi Souvik,

I wanted to check on the following. In option C the way who is used is slightly confusing.
Does not the option mean that the graduate student was selectively paying careful attention to ONLY those people in the audience who had a mixed reaction and not to everyone.
1) Is my understanding correct?
2) If Yes. Isnt this a change in meaning ?
3) If no. Can you please guide me how i can avoid this mistake in future. What concept am I missing ?

Option C is alright and the meaning you indicated would be conveyed if there were no comma before "who". Let me briefly summarize the difference between essential and non-essential modifiers:

Essential modifier:
mandatory- required to define the noun it refers to - no comma - removal of the modifier changes the meaning of the sentence.
example: I hate men who brag.
meaning: Say there are 100 men and 30 of them brag. I hate only those 30 bragging men ("selectively" as you mentioned).
Removal of the modifier would imply that I hate all 100 men rather than just those 30 bragging men - meaning changes.

Non-essential modifier:
not mandatory - says something extra about the noun it refers to - comma required - removal of the modifier does not change the meaning of the sentence.
example: I hate men, who brag.
meaning: Say there are 100 men. I hate all 100 of them. Extra information- those 100 men brag.
Removal of the modifier would still imply that I hate all 100 men - the meaning does not change.


Thanks a lot. Your explanation is spot on
I got what i was missing - The comma was playing the devil in my mind.

I have the following follow up questions -
1) Is it true that all non essential modifiers contain a comma ALWAYS. Considering which is a non essential modifier if it occurs without a comma i can rule this out as a wrong option?
2) Is it true that all essential modifier never contain a comma. I think you have stated the same but wanted to clarify one more time.

Apologies for dragging...

A non-essential modifier takes comma, whereas an essential does not - this is a grammar rule. Nonetheless, in GMAT I have not come across any question that distinguishes a right answer from a wrong only because of punctuation - there should generally be at least another distinguishing error.
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Just to be sure, "who" can be used to refer to subjects that describe a group of people such as the team, the class, etc.? I thought "the audience" cannot really be considered human and ruled out answer choice c based on that ...
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Just to be sure, "who" can be used to refer to subjects that describe a group of people such as the team, the class, etc.? I thought "the audience" cannot really be considered human and ruled out answer choice c based on that ...

Logically, "group" should take the relative pronoun "which", because " group" itself is not some people, but made up of people.

However there is difference in opinion over this issue. The best that I may suggest is that when the meaning indicated is "a single entity", then use "which", but when the meaning indicated is "a number of people", use "who" (as one would do for a plural noun referring to humans). If I come across an official example confirming or refuting this, I shall get back to you.
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Pls correct all answer choices or non underlined part of question. Non underlined part is repeated in each answer choices.
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Pls correct all answer choices or non underlined part of question. Non underlined part is repeated in each answer choices.
_______________
Fixed. Thank you!
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During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

In option C, the usage of "WHO" does imply the perfect tense?
I am confused if this is appropriate or not since we do not need sequencing.
Can anyone comment?
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souvik101990
During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

Hi experts AjiteshArun VeritasKarishma

Per my understanding, the core of the sentence says that
"The graduate student paid carful attention to the mixed reactions that her audience gave to her conclusions."

I eliminated choice C and D based on this logic.
I chose choice E. I think that the "which" can refer correctly back to "the reactions" (jumping the prepositional phrase "to her conclusions").

Please throw some light here.
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souvik101990
During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

Hi experts AjiteshArun VeritasKarishma

Per my understanding, the core of the sentence says that
"The graduate student paid carful attention to the mixed reactions that her audience gave to her conclusions."

I eliminated choice C and D based on this logic.
I chose choice E. I think that the "which" can refer correctly back to "the reactions" (jumping the prepositional phrase "to her conclusions").

Please throw some light here.

Making Verbal questions is hard because of the many many factors one needs to keep in mind. Here, I am not sure what the intent of the sentence is.
Did she pay careful attention to the audience or to their reactions? I don't know. Either is possible.
If I were to guess, I would say that during the thesis defence, the student would have no choice but to pay attention to the audience. What we can remark on is that she paid careful attention to their reactions (perhaps explained when someone looked confused etc).
Is the fact about their reactions an aside? I wouldn't like to think so. Hence, I wouldn't want to put it in a non-essential modifier as done in (C). Also, in (E), I would think that "which" could refer back to reactions.
Hence, I wouldn't know which option to pick.

A legit GMAT sentence should not have multiple reasonable intents.
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VeritasKarishma
thereisaFire
souvik101990
During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

Hi experts AjiteshArun VeritasKarishma

Per my understanding, the core of the sentence says that
"The graduate student paid carful attention to the mixed reactions that her audience gave to her conclusions."

I eliminated choice C and D based on this logic.
I chose choice E. I think that the "which" can refer correctly back to "the reactions" (jumping the prepositional phrase "to her conclusions").

Please throw some light here.

Making Verbal questions is hard because of the many many factors one needs to keep in mind. Here, I am not sure what the intent of the sentence is.
Did she pay careful attention to the audience or to their reactions? I don't know. Either is possible.
If I were to guess, I would say that during the thesis defence, the student would have no choice but to pay attention to the audience. What we can remark on is that she paid careful attention to their reactions (perhaps explained when someone looked confused etc).
Is the fact about their reactions an aside? I wouldn't like to think so. Hence, I wouldn't want to put it in a non-essential modifier as done in (C). Also, in (E), I would think that "which" could refer back to reactions.
Hence, I wouldn't know which option to pick.

A legit GMAT sentence should not have multiple reasonable intents.

Thanks VeritasKarishma for the response.

I have a very fundamental question- Whether "audience" is singular or plural? (though in this question this info is not required)

Which one of the following is correct?
1. Most of the audience, which were present in the theater felt sleepy.
2. Most of the audience, which was present in the theater felt sleepy.

I feel that "audience" is singular as it is a compound noun.
Would appreciate hearing your thoughts on this.
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thereisaFire

Thanks VeritasKarishma for the response.

I have a very fundamental question- Whether "audience" is singular or plural? (though in this question this info is not required)

Which one of the following is correct?
1. Most of the audience, which were present in the theater felt sleepy.
2. Most of the audience, which was present in the theater felt sleepy.

I feel that "audience" is singular as it is a compound noun.
Would appreciate hearing your thoughts on this.

It isn't that simple. Collective nouns often take singular verbs (when they act in unison) but can take plural too (when you expect each member to be working independently).

The family travels together. (singular)
The jury meet their families only once a day. (plural)

As a writer, you have some leeway to decide what to use. Though, it is a good idea to use "members of" so that there is no confusion. In questions, the options available will help you figure out what to do.

I cannot say it enough - learning "Grammar Rules" in isolation doesn't serve much purpose. You will see many exceptions and such isolated learnings will only hold you back.
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Why is option C better than D?
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I think this is a high-quality question and I agree with explanation.
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souvik101990
During her thesis defense, the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.

A. the audience had a mixed reaction to the conclusions of the graduate student, who paid careful attention to it.
B. the audience had a mixed reaction to the graduate student’s thesis, and she paid careful attention to it.
C. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience, who had a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
D. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience experiencing a mixed reaction to her conclusions.
E. the graduate student paid careful attention to her audience’s reactions to her conclusions, which were mixed.

souvik101990, I originally rejected option C because I thought that "comma + who" modifier should affect only persons. Therefore, I reasoned that because "audience" is not directly a person, the usage of "who" was incorrect. So, is there no problem in using "comma + who" modifiers affecting nouns that refer to people, such as audience or family?

Thanks in advance,

Cristhian
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