Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the

Question

Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different.

In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood, but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s bloodstream.

Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.   1 
 1. The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?

(A) Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.
(B) It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.
(C) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when it is evading predators.
(D) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be lowest during those periods in which it experiences oxygen deprivation.
(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.

2 
 2. It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41), biologists mean that it

(A) prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes
(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey
(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild
(D) begins to exhibit predatory behavior
(E) clears the lactic acid from its blood before attempting to dive

3 
 3. The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because

(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate underwater revert to an anaerobic mechanism
(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive
(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream
(D) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that clear lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream
(E) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time

4 
 4. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?

(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.
(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.
(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.
(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.

5 
 5. According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?

(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.
(B) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
(C) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.
(D) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.
(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.

6 
 6. The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?

I. A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats
II. A constriction of the seal’s arteries
III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood
IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs

(A) I and III only
(B) II and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and IV only
(E) I, III, and IV only

7 
 7. The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?

(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of dives in the wild that last less than twenty minutes.
(B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(D) Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(E) Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.

huongguyen · Accepted Answer

1. The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?
(A) Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are  not reliable  unless verified by laboratory studies. → wrong, the psg points out the difference btw "lab seal" & "wild seal", nowhere in the psg mentions "reliable"

(B) It is generally  less difficult  to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory. → Wrong

(C) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be  higher  when it is searching for prey  than  when it is evading predators.

(D) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be  lowest  during those periods in which it experiences oxygen deprivation.

(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is  not always consistent  with their physiological behavior in the wild. → correct

2. It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41), biologists mean that it
Scope: “ The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory.  But  why do the seal’s laboratory dives  always  evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares  for the worst .”

(A) prepares to remain underwater for  no longer than twenty minutes

(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it  heads directly for its prey

(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its  longest dives in the wild

(D) begins to exhibit  predatory behavior

(E) clears the  lactic acid  from its blood before attempting to dive --> out of scope

3. The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because
Scope lines:  “The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can  adversely affect the pH  of the seal’s blood, but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s bloodstream.”

(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate underwater  revert  to an anaerobic mechanism

(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only  at the very end  of the dive

(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are  temporarily isolated  from the seal’s bloodstream

(D)  oxygen continues to be supplied  to organs that clear lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream

(E) the seal remains submerged for   only  short periods of time

4. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?

(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are  not applicable  to its most typical dives in the wild.

(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to  500 meters for up to 70 minutes .  --> minor fact

(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to  revise previous perceptions  of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
 → last paragraph: “speculate”
 
(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.
--> biologist speculate about the behavior of the seals, not the accuracy of the studies.

(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for  prey or avoiding predators  during such dives. → minor fact

5. According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?
Scope line:  “Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes”

(A) They  fail to explain  how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.

(B) They present an  oversimplified account  of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.

(C) They provide evidence that  undermines the view  that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.

(D) They are based on the  assumption  that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.

(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.

6. The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?

I. A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats → Correct
II. A constriction of the seal’s arteries → correct 
III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood → wrong 
 “the latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood,” 
 IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs → correct

(A) I and III only
(B) II and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and IV only
(E) I, III, and IV only

7. The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?

(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of dives in the wild that  last less than twenty minutes.
 (B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation  less effectively  than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(D) Produce  smaller amounts of lactic acid  than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(E) Navigate  less effectively  than they do on typical dives in the wild.

------------------------------------------------

tarunanandani · Answer

5. According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?

(A) They  fail to explain  how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild. 
 Incorrect , detailed explanation is described in Para 2 about how seal is able to deal with the levels of lactic acid.

(B) They present an  oversimplified  account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
 Incorrect , again a detailed description is given in Para 2 about the mechanism, so the studies do not only present a simplified explanation.

(C) They provide evidence that  undermines  the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.
 Incorrect , the studies provide support for an anaerobic metabolism.

(D) They are based on the  assumption  that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.
 Incorrect , no such assumptions are mentioned in the passage while conducting the studies in the lab.

(E) They provide an  accurate account  of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either  evading predators  or exploring  distant routes .
 Correct , as described in the Para 3, the studies conducted in the lab accurately explains the seal's behavior during longer dives.

pk123 · Answer

5. According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?

(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.

(B) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.

(C) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.

(D) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.

(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.

--I was confused with option B and E and marked B.
1st paragraph talks about laboratory result but at the same time there were objections to the same. So it looked like its an oversimplified account of mechanisms that Weddell seal relies on longest dives in the world... while E is factually 100% correct but is it the reason 1st paragraph is being written?

tkorzhan1995 · Answer

GMATNinja , can you please explain why B is not correct for q3 ?
 I established the following relationship among chain of events:
anaerobic metabolism--> supply of lactic acid--> lactic acid affects ph. 
It is noted in the second paragraph that lactic acid is released when seal surfaces (would it be the end of dive when seal surfaces?). As a result of production of lactic acid when seal surfaces (the end of the dive), the ph will be impacted by the production of lactic acid. 
Since lactic acid is produced when seal surfaces, the ph will be impacted when seal surfaces (the end of the dive).

GMATNinja · Answer

Question 3 
 
In the second paragraph, the author tells us that there is a difference between when the lactic acid is  produced  by anaerobic metabolism, and when it is  released  into the blood stream.

Lactic acid is  produced  "when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing." At this time, the seal shuts off the flow of blood to certain organs, and these organs either stop functioning or switch to anaerobic metabolism.

Later, when the seal resurfaces, it opens up its blood flow again and  releases  the built-up lactic acid into its blood.

So, it's not quite right to say that the seal reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive, as stated in (B) -- the seal actually starts anaerobic metabolism at the  beginning  of the dive.

Eliminate (B).

Here's (C):
 
This is exactly how the seal keeps its blood pH on track! It isolates certain organs until it resurfaces, at which point it can get rid of the lactic acid that has built up in those organs.

(C) is the correct answer to question 3.

I hope that helps!

makshay62 · Answer

Hi  GMATNinja  / Other faculty, 
Could you please help me understand a bit more as why (A) is a better choice than (D) in Question 4?

4. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?

(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.

(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.

(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.

(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.

(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.

GMATNinja · Answer

Question 4 
 
The biologists do indeed speculate that the forcibly submersion might explain the difference between observations in the lab and observations in the wild.

But that's not quite what (D) says. (D) says that the lab results would be MORE accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerge. This certainly seems plausible, but the biologists in the passage never speculate on what the accuracy of the lab studies would be if the seals were  not  forcibly submerged.

In other words, just because forcible submersion might cause an issue with the study does not necessarily mean that the study would be more accurate without forcible submersion. Perhaps removing forcible submersion would lead to some other, different issues that affect the accuracy even more than the forcible submersion did.

It's certainly possible that the biologists would agree with (D), but (D) doesn't actually reflect what's said about the biologists in the passage.

Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the

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Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the

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